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康德義務主義

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康德義務主義康德主義(Kantianism)是由18世紀德國哲學家伊曼努爾·康德所提出有關人類道德義務的一套道德理論。康德義務主義時常用於當今的精神哲學知識論以及倫理學

倫理學

康德倫理(Kantian Ethics)是屬於義務倫理學,注重於責任,而非感情結果。所有的行為應該遵照某種基礎的原則,由此決定每個行為的道德標準。康德倫理創建於康德對於合理性的看法:極限程度的善行以及人類所擁有的理性

由此看法,康德建立了絕對命令來決定一個原則的善惡。透過思想實驗來標準化一個原則:透過想像所有的人類都完全地遵守並執行該原則的後果,藉此來判斷該原則是否可接受。

例如:「殺死所有干擾你的人」並將這個原則標準化,你將會殺死許多人,且許多人將會殺死更多的人,世界中所有人將會把所有人殺的一個都不剩。因此這個原則是無法執行且不合道德理論的。

原則標準化(Universalizing a maxim)將會表示有效的原則,或者以下的矛盾

  • 矛盾觀念:當一個原則被標準化後,如果世事無法正常執行,因此世界將被終止。反之如果一個原則不被遵守而導致世界無法正常執行,我們有絕對責任(perfect duty)。「不自殺」當所有人都不遵守,所有人都會死,因此我們有絕對責任來執行這個原則。
  • 矛盾意願:當某人的原則標準化後,該原則並非其原本的意願。矛盾意願將帶來非絕對責任(imperfect duty)。「幫別人修車」並非所有人可以遵守這個原則,僅有汽車技師可以,因此這是非絕對責任,人類並非總是要遵守。

康德主義注重於原則,用做事的理由批判一個人的行為的善惡。康德表示許多的常識符合他的理論。但他不認為沒有理由的善行是真正的道德:「沒有理由的」救起溺水的人並非好的道德的行為。

同時康德認為一個行為的結果不影響道德的標準,他的理由是:物質世界並不在人類的掌控之中,因此我們無法對已發生的事情負責。

絕對命令公式

  1. 把原則當作世界的規律來遵守。[1]
  2. 行動時對待人的方式是,不論是自己或他人,絕對不把人只當成手段,而永遠要把人當成是目的。[2]
  3. 因此,所有理性的人必須把自己當作一位世界目標的立法者來遵守原則。[3]

參考資料

  1. ^ Kant, Immanuel; translated by James W. Ellington [1785]. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals 3rd ed.. Hackett. 1993: 30. ISBN 0-87220-166-X. 
  2. ^ Kant, Immanuel; translated by James W. Ellington [1785]. Grounding for the Metaphysics of 3rd ed.. Hackett. 1993: 36. ISBN 0-87220-166-X. 
  3. ^ Kant, Immanuel; translated by James W. Ellington [1785]. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals 3rd ed.. Hackett. 1993: 43. ISBN 0-87220-166-X. 

參考書目

  • Henry Allison (2004) Kant's transcendental Idealism (Yale University Press)
  • Thomas Auxter (1982) Kant's Moral Teleology (Mercer University Press)
  • Lewis White Beck (1960) A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason (University of Chicago Press)
  • R. Beiner and W.J. Booth (eds.) (1993) Kant and Political Philosophy (Yale University Press)
  • Gary Banham (2000) Kant and the Ends of Aesthetics (Macmillan)
  • Gary Banham (2000) "Teleology, Transcendental Reflection and Artificial Life" Tekhnehma: Journal of Philosophy and Technology Number 6.
  • Gary Banham (2003) Kant's Practical Philosophy: From Critique to Doctrine (Palgrave Macmillan)
  • Gary Banham (2006) Kant's Transcendental Imagination (Palgrave Macmillan)
  • Howard Caygill (1989) Art of Judgment (Blackwell)
  • Howard Caygill (1995) A Kant Dictionary (Blackwell)
  • Mary Gregor (1963) Laws of Freedom: A Study of Kant's Method of Applying the Categorical Imperative in the Metaphysik Der Sitten (Basil Blackwell)
  • Palmquist, Stephen. Kant's system of perspectives: an architectonic interpretation of the critical philosophy. Lanham: University Press of America. 1993. ISBN 9780819189271.  Online.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Palmquist, Stephen. Kant's critical religion. Aldershot, Hants, England Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. 2000. ISBN 9780754613336.  Online.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • John Rawls (2000) Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy (Harvard University Press)
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康德義務主義
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