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羌语支

羌语支
Rmaic
地理分佈中国西南
谱系学分类漢藏語系
分支
语言代码
ISO 639-5
ISO 639-6qgic
Glottolognaqi1236  (Na–Qiangic)[1]
qian1263  (Qiangic)[2]

羌语支Rmaic[3];原称Dzorgaic)是藏緬語族的一个支系,有几十万人使用,主要分布在四川省阿坝州甘孜州凉山州雅安云南省北部。

中华人民共和国将羌语支人群分为羌族藏族普米族纳西族蒙古族

Matisoff (2004)等人认为西夏西夏语也属于羌语支。[4]敦煌文献中尚未破译的南语可能也属于羌语支。

昌都语群是否属于羌语支还存在争议。[5][6][7]

羌语支民族在史籍中常被称作戎、羌氐。

系属分类

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孙宏开 (1983)

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孙宏开 (1983)[8]认为分南北两支:

其他证据稀缺的羌语则是:

Matisoff (2004)

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Matisoff (2004)[4]认为嘉绒语支也属于羌语支:

Matisoff (2004)发现羌语支很多语言都发生了原始藏缅语 *-a > -i,将这种元音高化称作“明化”。Yu (2012)[9]也指出,“明化”是原始尔苏语的特征创新。

Thurgood & La Polla (2003)

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Thurgood & La Polla (2003)认为,羌语、普米语木雅语显然属于同一分支,但不认为西夏语也属于这分支。不过Matisoff (2004)认为有坚实的证据表明有这种关系。[10]白马语可能也属于羌语支,或具有羌语支底层。[11]

其他证据稀缺的羌语分类:[12]

孙宏开 (2001)

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孙宏开 (2001)[18]的羌语支分类如下。

向柏霖 & Michaud (2011)

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向柏霖 & Alexis Michaud (2011)[19]认为羌语支和纳语支有关系,又与缅彝语群组成了羌缅语群。“纳羌语支”包含尔苏语群、纳语组和[核心]羌语。相似地,大卫·布拉德利[ (2008)[20]也提出了“东部藏缅语”,包括缅彝语群和羌语群。贵琼语的位置有争议。

纳-羌语支

Chirkova (2012)

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Chirkova (2012)对羌语支的分类提出了质疑,认为下面4种语言应是相互独立的藏缅语分支:[21]

Yu (2012)

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Yu (2012:218)[9]指出,尔苏语群纳西语组共享一些不见于缅彝语群和“核心”羌语(羌语、普米语木雅语)的形式。于是,“南部羌语”(尔苏语群、纳木依语史兴语)可能比“核心”羌语更接近纳西语组。也就是说,南部羌语和纳西语组可以组成更大的“纳语组”,与南方的缅彝语群和北方的其他羌语有关系。

地理分布

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羌语支语言主要分布在四川西部和云南西北部。孙宏开 (2013)列出以下流域分布的羌语。[14]

音系沿革

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羌语支的很多语言与藏缅语族其他语言相比,元音和辅音系统十分复杂。 有些语言有诸如 st-, rm-, gz- 之类的复辅音、三重辅音达将近200个(尔龚语)。但也有的语言完全没有复辅音(中部尔苏语、南部羌语龙溪土话、大部分土家语方言等),有的语言将复辅音处理为辅音音节或弱化音节+主音节结构(部分土家语方言)。但无论辅音结构简化程度如何,羌语支语言的元音系统均远较其他藏缅语发达,羌语支的所有语言均拥有大量双元音、大部分语言拥有三元音,少数语言甚至有四合元音结构。

語法沿革

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羌语支语言均为高度综合的语言。在语法上具有高度共通性,很多独特的语法结构在羌语支内部普遍存在,且具有高度同源性;在其他藏缅语中,虽然偶有发现类似的语法概念,但与羌语支语言之间则缺乏关联性。如多层级的方位词,动词方位趋向等。其他,在藏缅语普遍拥有的词缀、助词等语法小词部分,羌语支语言内部也具有相当程度的的同源性。

另见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Na–Qiangic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Qiangic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ Tournadre, Nicolas; Suzuki, Hiroyuki. The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan. Paris: LACITO. 2023: 694 [2023-11-22]. ISBN 978-2-490768-08-0. (原始内容存档于2023-09-29). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Matisoff, James. 2004. "Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman
  5. ^ Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018. Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
  6. ^ Zhao, Haoliang. 2018. A brief introduction to Zlarong, a newly recognized language in Mdzo sgang, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
  7. ^ Jacques, Guillaumes. 2016. Les journées d'études sur les langues du Sichuan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  8. ^ 孙宏开. (1983). The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches. 云南民族学报, 3, 99–273.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Yu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.
  10. ^ James Matisoff, 2004. "Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman (互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2015-07-12.)
  11. ^ Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al (eds), Evidence and Counter-Evidence, vol. 2.
  12. ^ China. asiaharvest.org. 
  13. ^ Bolozi (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. [2021-11-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-12-26). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 孙宏开. 2013. 《八江流域的藏缅语》. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.
  15. ^ Ming (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. [2021-11-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-18). 
  16. ^ Xiangcheng (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. [2021-11-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-11-22). 
  17. ^ Xiangcheng (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. [2021-11-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-20). 
  18. ^ 孙宏开. 2001. 《論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言》. Language and linguistics 2:157–181.
  19. ^ Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages[永久失效連結]." Diachronica 28:468–498.
  20. ^ Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman.
  21. ^ Chirkova, Katia. The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective: a case study of languages of Muli (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 2012, 13 (1): 133–170 [2018-05-07]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-05-07). 

书目

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  • Bradley, David (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1–71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  • 三宅英雄. 2015. What is the origin of uvularization in Qiang?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • 三宅英雄. 2012. Nasal codas as clues for the stratification of Chinese loanwords in Ronghong Qiang页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • 三宅英雄. 2011. Danger a-head for the 2 X 2 hypothesis页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • 三宅英雄. 2011. fm-页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • 孙宏开 (中国社会科学院民族学研究所) (1990). "Languages of the Ethnic Corridor in Western Sichuan" (" (Archive). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 13(1), 1–31.
  • 孙宏开. 2016. 《藏缅语族羌语支研究》. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社. ISBN 9787516176566
  • 聂鸿音,(2003),《中国少数民族语言》,北京,语文出版社 ISBN 978-7-80184-780-5

外部链接

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羌语支
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