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氯化铵

氯化铵
IUPAC名
Ammonium chloride
别名 电盐,盐精,气药粉,盐硇,电气药粉
识别
CAS号 12125-02-9  checkY
PubChem 25517
ChemSpider 23807
SMILES
 
  • [Cl-].[NH4+]
InChI
 
  • 1/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
InChIKey NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYAI
UN编号 3077
EINECS 235-186-4
ChEBI 31206
RTECS BP4550000
KEGG D01139
性质
化学式 NH4Cl
摩尔质量 53.49 g·mol⁻¹
外观 无色或白色晶体
密度 1.527 g/cm3
熔点 338 °C(611 K)
沸点 520 °C (968 °F; 793 K)
溶解性 29.7 g/100 mL (0 °C)
37.2 g/100 mL (20 °C)
77.3 g/100 mL (100 °C)
溶解性酒精 0.6 g/100 mL (19 °C)
药理学
ATC代码 B05XA04B05),G04BA01
危险性
警示术语 R:R22-R36
安全术语 S:S2-S22
欧盟编号 017-014-00-8
NFPA 704
0
2
0
 
相关物质
其他阴离子 溴化铵碘化铵氟化铵
其他阳离子 氯化钾氯化钠
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

氯化铵(化学式:NH4Cl)无色立方晶体或白色结晶,其味鹹凉有微苦。易溶于和液,并微溶于;但不溶于丙酮乙醚。水溶液呈弱酸性,加热时酸性增强。

由于离子的配位性,氯化铵溶液对金属有腐蚀性,特别对腐蚀更大。

制備

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氯化铵由氨气氯化氢氨水盐酸发生中和反应得到,由氨氣與氯化氫合成的反應過程中會產生白煙。

反应

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加热时,氯化铵分解为氯化氢氨气

備註:如果容器是开放体系,此反应只向右进行。

同時,氯化銨跟鹼(氫氧化鈉氫氧化鈣等)反應,生成氨氣。這是實驗室裡製備氨氣的常用方法之一。由於氨氣密度比空氣低,所以需要用向下排氣法(向上導氣法)來收集氨氣。

用途

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  • 度量華氏溫度時,使用冰、水、氯化銨混合的鹽水可以保持在華氏0度,是作為華氏溫度計的主要參考依據。此鹽水在發表華氏溫度時是當時能製做出來最冷的環境。[1]

参考来源

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  1. ^ Heath, Jonathan. Why does the Fahrenheit scale use 32 degrees as a freezing point?. PhysLink. [2008-05-09]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-27). 
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氯化铵
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