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氟硅酸铵

氟硅酸铵
IUPAC名
Ammonium fluorosilicate
别名 氟硅化铵;硅氟化铵;六氟硅酸铵
识别
CAS号 16919-19-0  checkY
PubChem 28145
ChemSpider 26182
SMILES
 
  • F[Si-2](F)(F)(F)(F)F.[NH4+].[NH4+]
InChI
 
  • 1/F6Si.2H3N/c1-7(2,3,4,5)6;;/h;2*1H3/q-2;;/p+2
InChIKey ITHIMUMYFVCXSL-SKRXCDHZAK
UN编号 2854
EINECS 240-968-3
RTECS VV7800000
性质
化学式 (NH4)2[SiF6]
外观 无色至白色晶体[1]
密度 2.01 g cm−3[1]
熔点 100 °C(373 K)(分解[2]
溶解性 186 g/L 当 17℃[1]
溶解性 可溶于醇
危险性[3][4]
GHS危险性符号
CorrosiveAcute Toxicitytarget organ toxicity
GHS提示词 DANGER
H-术语 H301, H311, H315, H319, H331, H335, H372
P-术语 P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+310, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P314, P321, P330
NFPA 704
0
3
0
ACID
相关物质
其他阳离子 氟硅酸
氟硅酸钠
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

氟矽酸銨或稱六氟硅酸铵,是一種白色的結晶體[5]分子式為(NH4)2[SiF6]。和其它氟硅酸盐一样,氟硅酸铵有毒。[6]氟硅酸铵至少有三种同质异形体[7],并在自然界中以稀有矿物方氟硅铵石或氟硅铵石英语bararite的形式出现。

制备

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氟硅酸铵可以由氟硅酸反应而成:[8]

结构

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氟硅酸铵有三种主要的同质异形体。α-(NH4)2[SiF6] 是立方晶系的,空间群 Fm3m (No. 225),对应的矿物是方氟硅铵石。β相的氟硅酸铵则是三方晶系的,在自然中以氟硅铵石矿物的形式存在。[9]第三种同质异形体——γ相于2001年被发现,为六方晶系。这三种同质异形体的 [SiF6]2− 八面体都以层状排列。在α相中,这些层都和[111]方向垂直。在β和γ相中,这些层垂直于c轴。[7]α-(NH4)2[SiF6]的硅原子是面心立方堆积 (CCP)的,γ相为六方密堆积,而 β-(NH4)2[SiF6] 是原始六方堆积的。[10]三种相态的 (NH4)+周围都有十二个原子。[7]

尽管氟硅铵石在室温下是亚稳态[11]它似乎不会变成另一个同质异形体[7]尽管如此,氟硅铵石还是很脆弱的,将它研磨会产生一点的方氟硅铵石。[12]在 0.2 至0.3 GPa的压力下,方氟硅铵石会不可逆转变为氟硅铵石。[13]

(NH4)2[SiF6] 中的氢键允许氟硅酸铵通过普通盐不能的方式改变相态。阳离子阴离子之间的相互作用在铵盐的相态改变中尤为重要。[7]

天然存在

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氟硅酸铵在自然界中很罕见。[14]它是火山喷气孔煤层火英语Coal seam fire的升华产物。它也以方氟硅铵石或氟硅铵石英语bararite矿物的形式存在,分别是氟硅酸铵的两种同质异形体。[9]

化学性质和危險性

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虽然氟硅酸铵不可燃,但它在火中仍会释放危险的烟雾,例如氢氟酸四氟化硅氮氧化物。它也会腐蚀。氟硅酸铵可溶于水,形成酸性溶液。[5]

氟矽酸銨有毒,对眼睛皮肤和上呼吸道有强烈刺激作用,另外如果不慎食入,短期症狀會造成口腔咽喉烧伤并出血,而食入2~5g會致死。[15]

用处

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氟硅酸铵可用作消毒剂,也用于蚀刻玻璃、金属铸造和电镀。[5]作为一种洗衣酸英语laundry sour,氟硅酸铵也可以用来中和洗衣机的水。

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Record of Ammoniumhexafluorosilikat in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA英语Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  2. ^ ammonium silicofluoride. [2021-11-26]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-30). 
  3. ^ Ammonium Hexafluorosilicate. PubChem. National Institute of Health. [October 12, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-26). 
  4. ^ SAFETY DATA SHEET Ammonium hexafluorosilicate, 99.999%. Fisher Scientific. [October 15, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-16). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ammonium fuorosilicate页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), CAMEO Chemicals, NOAA
  6. ^ Wiberg, E., Wiberg, N., and Holleman, A. F. (2001) Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press, San Diego.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Boldyreva, E. V.; Shakhtshneider, T. P.; Sowa, H.; Ahsbas, H. Effect of hydrostatic pressure up to 6 GPa on the crystal structures of ammonium and sodium hexafluorosilicates, (NH4)2[SiF6] and Na2[SiF6]; a phase transition in (NH4)2[SiF6] at 0.2–0.3 GPa. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 2007, 222: 23–29. doi:10.1524/zkri.2007.222.1.23. 
  8. ^ NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank entry for AMMONIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Anthony, J. W., Bideaux, R. A., Bladh, K. W., and Nichols, M. C. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume III: Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson.
  10. ^ To learn about the primitive hexagonal structure, see Primitive hexagonal packing 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2009-05-26..
  11. ^ Schlemper, Elmer O. Structure of Cubic Ammonium Fluosilicate: Neutron-Diffraction and Neutron-Inelastic-Scattering Studies. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1966, 44 (6): 2499. doi:10.1063/1.1727071. 
  12. ^ Oxton, I. A., Knop, O., and Falk, M. (1975) "Infrared Spectra of the Ammonium Ion in Crystals". II. The Ammonium Ion in Trigonal Environments, with a Consideration of Hydrogen Bonding. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 53, 3394–3400.
  13. ^ Elena V. Boldyreva, Tatyana P. Shakhtshneider, Heidrun Sowa, Hans Ahsbahs: Effect of hydrostatic pressure up to 6 GPa on the crystal structures of ammonium and sodium hexafluorosilicates, (NH4)2SiF6 and Na2SiF6; a phase transition in (NH4)2SiF6 at 0.2–0.3 GPa. In: Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 2007, Band 222, Heft 1, S. 23–29 doi:10.1524/zkri.2007.222.1.23.
  14. ^ Barnes, J. and Lapham, D. (1971) "Rare Minerals Found in Pennsylvania". Pennsylvania Geology, 2, 5, 6–8.
  15. ^ 氟硅酸铵. 21世纪实验室. [2008-04-19]. [永久失效連結]

外部链接

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氟硅酸铵
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