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宁锦之战

宁锦之战
明清战争的一部分
日期1627年
地点
辽西走廊宁远锦州一带
结果 明军获胜
参战方
后金
指挥官与领导者

袁崇焕

赵率教
皇太极
兵力
約3万 约4万-6万
伤亡与损失
不详 不详,明军战报为数千,但仅斩获1颗首级

宁锦之战是天啟七年(1627年)五月明朝后金之间在宁远锦州一带进行的一场战役,结果明军取得胜利,这是宁远之战后明军对后金军第二次取得城市攻防战的胜利。

戰役經過

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天啟七年(1627年)五月,皇太极率军进攻赵率教驻守的锦州,不克,又进攻袁崇焕祖大寿满桂驻守的宁远,又不克,后金军转而又回攻锦州,依然战败,皇太极只得率军撤退。

宁锦之战中,明军再次贯彻天啟六年正月(1626年)宁远之战中的凭坚固守,并同样再次使用了红夷大炮,使得后金军队的骑兵长处无法发挥,从而验证了关宁锦防线的有效性,明朝将此役称为“宁锦大捷”。

明天启七年(1627年)五月,皇太极亲率后金军队包围锦州,进而攻打宁远(今辽宁兴城)。袁崇焕等率明军固守,城得保全。是月十一日,后金军队直抵锦州,四面合围后绕过锦州南下,攻克防线中的诸多堡垒,掠其物资。巡抚袁崇焕认为守卫宁远的明军主力不能随意调动,于是挑选精锐骑兵4000,令尤世禄、祖大寿统率,绕至后金军队后方,又另外派遣水师东出相牵制。世禄、大寿等将行,后金军大军已抵宁远城下。袁崇焕与中官刘应坤、副使毕自肃督将士登陴守战,列营濠内,集中大炮猛烈轰击后金军队。而世禄、大寿等率军大战城外,士卒多死,仍力战不退。后金遂解宁远围,增兵围锦州,据说士卒损伤无数,然锦州终不可破。又因毛文龍此時率東江軍直逼遼陽,後金被迫退兵後撤回援。袁崇煥本人事後称“孰知毛文龍徑襲遼陽,旋兵相應,使非毛帥搗虛,錦寧又受敵矣!毛帥雖被創兵折,然數年牽制之功,此為最烈!”(《三朝遼事實錄》卷十八,天啟七年八月,遼東巡撫袁崇煥奏言),时称宁锦大捷。

戰役之後

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宁锦之战后, 袁崇焕受到督饷御史刘徽、河南道御史李应荐等交章弹劾,要求“从重议处”(一不救锦州为“暮气”。二是主款议和,招致后金东侵朝鲜,西征宁锦。)——《天启七年七月实录》

袁崇焕于七月一日上“乞休疏”,以有病为由,申请辞官回籍调理。在魏忠贤的唆使下,熹宗很快就批准了他的申请,写道:袁崇焕“疏称抱病,情词恳切,准其回籍调理”。张伯桢辑:《袁督师遗集》,卷1。他在李应荐的奏本中又批道:“袁崇焕暮气难鼓,物议滋至,已准其引疾求去。”

参考文献

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宁锦之战
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