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京畿之戰

京畿之戰明朝崇祯二年(后金天聪三年,1629年)十月至崇祯三年(后金天聪四年,1630年)正月,明清战争己巳之变中,后金汗皇太极率军在明朝京师周边与明军进行的作战。是第一次清兵入塞,又称己巳之役

皇太极吸取进兵宁远(今辽宁兴城)、锦州兵败的教训,放弃强攻宁远、锦州坚城的战略,在1629年十月取道蒙古,兵分三路攻入长城,向京师顺天府进逼。蓟辽总督袁崇焕闻讯,先派总兵赵率教山海关前去援救,自率部将祖大寿星夜千里入卫京师。十一月,后金军从遵化击败赵率教部,继而越过蓟州,再击败大同总兵满桂宣府总兵侯世禄部,进抵通州城北扎营。明朝廷召前大学士孙承宗担任兵部尚书,视师通州。孙承宗向崇祯帝朱由检陈述方略,崇祯帝令其留京城,总督内外守御。袁崇焕率军至京师近郊,受令尽统各路援军。袁崇焕被崇祯帝召见时,以士马疲惫,请求入城或在城外休整,但被廷臣非议,被诬为拥兵坐视,想和与后金结城下之盟。后金军稍事休整,即逼近京师,在德胜门击败满桂、侯世禄部。十二月,袁崇焕部于广梁门外设伏,被后金军击败,被迫转移到城东南。后金军于是施反间计,诬陷袁崇焕“资敌私通”等,崇祯帝将其下狱,明军军心动摇。总兵祖大寿见袁崇焕下狱,率师一万五千人离京东返,后因孙承宗调度有方,才停兵待命。明军各路兵败,崇祯帝准备撤出京师,被朝臣劝阻。充任文武经略的尚书梁廷栋满桂相继在西直门、安定门战败,满桂战死。明总兵马世龙受命指挥各路援兵,保卫京师。后金军见已经达到南下目的,于1630年正月连克通州、迁安、遵化、滦州诸镇北归。己巳之役历时两月余,明军损兵折将甚多,战斗力受到严重削弱。

参考文献

  • 《中国战典·明清时期》
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京畿之戰
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