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高碘酸

高碘酸
别名 碘(VII)酸
识别
CAS号 10450-60-9(正高碘酸)  checkY
13444-71-8(偏高碘酸)  checkY
ChemSpider 23622 (正高碘酸), 58684 (偏高碘酸)
SMILES
 
  • OI(=O)(O)(O)(O)O
InChI
 
  • I=1S/H5IO6/c2-1(3,4,5,6)7/h(H5,2,3,4,5,6,7)
InChIKey TWLXDPFBEPBAQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UN编号 UN3085
性质
化学式 HIO
4
(偏高碘酸)
H
5
IO
6
(正高碘酸)
摩尔质量 190.91 g/mol (HIO
4
)
227.941 g/mol (H
5
IO
6
) g·mol⁻¹
外观 无色晶体
熔点 128.5 °C(402 K)([1]
溶解性 溶于水、醇
危险性
GHS危险性符号
《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中氧化性物质的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中腐蚀性物质的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中对人体有害物质的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中对环境有害物质的标签图案
GHS提示词 Danger
H-术语 H271, H314, H372, H400
P-术语 P210, P260, P273, P303+361+353, P305+351+338
NFPA 704
0
3
0
 
相关物质
其他阴离子
其他阳离子
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

高碘酸的最高含氧酸,其中碘以+7氧化态存在。它可以以两种形式存在:化学式为H5IO6的正高碘酸和化学式为HIO4的偏高碘酸。

高碘酸由海因里希·古斯塔夫·马格努斯和CF Ammermüller于1833年发现。[2]

合成

现代工业规模生产涉及碘酸钠溶液在碱性条件下的氧化,或者在PbO
2
阳极上进行电化学氧化,或者通过处理:[3]

IO
3
+ 6 HO
- 2 e
→ IO5−
6
+ 3 H
2
O       (为方便省略抗衡离子      E° = -1.6 V[4]
IO
3
+ 6 HO
+ Cl
2
→ IO5−
6
+ 2 Cl
+ 3 H
2
O

原高碘酸在减压下加热至100℃可脱水得到偏高碘酸。

H
5
IO
6
⇌ HIO
4
+ 2 H
2
O

进一步加热至约150 °C得到五氧化二碘(I
2
O
5
),而不是预期的酸酐[七氧化二碘(I
2
O
7
)]。偏高碘酸也可由各种正高碘酸盐经稀硝酸处理制得。[5]


性质

正高碘酸有多个酸解离常数[6][7] 偏高碘酸的pKa尚未确定。

H
5
IO
6
⇌ H
4
IO
6
+ H+
,      pKa = 3.29
H
4
IO
6
⇌ H
3
IO2−
6
+ H+
,      pKa = 8.31
H
3
IO2−
6
⇌ H
2
IO3−
6
+ H+
,      pKa = 11.60

存在两种形式的高碘酸,因此形成两种类型的高碘酸盐。例如,偏高碘酸钠NaIO4可以由HIO4合成,而正高碘酸钠Na5IO6可以由H5IO6合成。

结构

正高碘酸形成单斜晶体(空间群P21/n),由一个轻微变形的IO
6
八面体通过桥接氢相互连接组成。五个I-O键距离在1.87-1.91 Å范围内,一个I-O键距离为 1.78 Å。[8][9] 偏高碘酸的结构还包括IO
6
八面体,但是它们通过顺共棱与桥氧连接形成一维无限链。[10]

反应

像所有高碘酸盐一样,高碘酸可用于裂解各种1,2-双官能团化合物。高碘酸会将邻二醇裂解成两个片段(马拉普拉德反应)。

这可用于确定碳水化合物的结构,因为高碘酸可用于打开糖环。该过程通常用于用荧光分子或其他标签(如生物素)标记糖类。由于该过程需要连位二醇,因此高碘酸盐氧化通常用于选择性标记RNA的 3'-末端(核糖具有连位二醇)而不是DNA,因为脱氧核糖没有连位二醇。

高碘酸也被用作中等强度的氧化剂,例如在仲烯丙醇Babler氧化反应中,通过化学计量的正高碘酸与催化剂PCC将其氧化成烯酮[11]

参见

具有相似结构的化合物:

化学性质相似的化合物:

参考资料

  1. ^ Aylett, founded by A.F. Holleman; continued by Egon Wiberg; translated by Mary Eagleson, William Brewer; revised by Bernhard J. Inorganic chemistry 1st English ed., [edited] by Nils Wiberg. San Diego, Calif. : Berlin: Academic Press, W. de Gruyter. 2001: 453. ISBN 0123526515. 
  2. ^ Ammermüller, F.; Magnus, G. Ueber eine neue Verbindung des Jods mit Sauerstoff, die Ueberjodsäure. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1833, 104 (7): 514–525 [2022-07-17]. Bibcode:1833AnP...104..514A. doi:10.1002/andp.18331040709. (原始内容存档于2022-06-07) (German). 
  3. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the elements 2nd. Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997: 872. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. 
  4. ^ Parsons, Roger. Handbook of electrochemical constants. Butterworths Scientific Publications Ltd. 1959: 71. 
  5. ^ Riley. Brauer, Georg , 编. Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry. Volume 1. 由Scripta Technica, Inc.翻译. Translation editor Reed F. 2nd. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press. 1963: 323–324. ISBN 012126601X. 
  6. ^ Aylett, founded by A.F. Holleman; continued by Egon Wiberg; translated by Mary Eagleson, William Brewer; revised by Bernhard J. Inorganic chemistry 1st English ed., [edited] by Nils Wiberg. San Diego, Calif. : Berlin: Academic Press, W. de Gruyter. 2001: 454. ISBN 0123526515. 
  7. ^ Burgot, Jean-Louis. Ionic equilibria in analytical chemistry. New York: Springer. 2012-03-30: 358. ISBN 978-1441983824. 
  8. ^ Feikema, Y. D. The crystal structures of two oxy-acids of iodine. I. A study of orthoperiodic acid, H5IO6, by neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallographica. 10 June 1966, 20 (6): 765–769. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66001828. 
  9. ^ Fábry, J.; Podlahová, J.; Loub, J.; Langer, V. Structure of the 1:1 adduct of orthoperiodic acid and urea. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 1982, 38 (3): 1048–1050. doi:10.1107/S0567740882004932. 
  10. ^ Kraft, Thorsten; Jansen, Martin. Crystal Structure Determination of Metaperiodic Acid, HIO4, with Combined X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 1 September 1997, 36 (16): 1753–1754. doi:10.1002/anie.199717531. 
  11. ^ Killoran, Patrick M.; Rossington, Steven B.; Wilkinson, James A.; Hadfield, John A. Expanding the scope of the Babler–Dauben oxidation: 1,3-oxidative transposition of secondary allylic alcohols. Tetrahedron Letters. 2016, 57 (35): 3954–3957 [2022-07-17]. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.076. (原始内容存档于2018-07-01) (英语). 
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高碘酸
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