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高氯酸盐

高氯酸盐
Ball-and-stick model of the perchlorate ion
高氯酸根离子的空间填充模型
系统名
Perchlorate[1]
识别
CAS号 14797-73-0  checkY
PubChem 123351
ChemSpider 109953
SMILES
 
  • [O-][Cl+3]([O-])([O-])[O-]
Gmelin 2136
ChEBI 49706
DrugBank DB03138
MeSH 180053
IUPHAR配体 4524
性质
化学式 ClO
4
摩尔质量 99.451 g mol−1 g·mol⁻¹
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

高氯酸盐高氯酸形成的类,含有四面体型的高氯酸根离子—,其中氧化态为+7。高氯酸盐存在于自然界中,主要用作火箭燃料和烟火中的氧化剂安全气囊中的爆炸物。多数高氯酸盐可溶于水。[2]

常见的高氯酸盐有:

  • 高氯酸铵,用作固体火箭燃料中的氧化剂
  • 高氯酸铯
  • 高氯酸锂,放热分解放出氧气,用作空间飞船中的生氧剂
  • 高氯酸镁
  • 高氯酸钾,用于烟火中
  • 高氯酸铷
  • 高氯酸银
  • 高氯酸钠

氧化性

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尽管其中氯的氧化态为+7,但在氯的所有含氧酸根离子中,高氯酸根离子在水溶液的氧化性最弱。[3]这是由于氯在高氯酸根离子中处于四面体的中心,不易发生反应。大多数高氯酸盐,尤其是电正性金属如形成的化合物如高氯酸钠,都相对较稳定,也因此可以取代曾经用于烟火中但具不稳定性的氯酸盐类氧化剂。[来源请求]

在溶液中,Ru(II)可以将还原为,V(II)、V(III)、Mo(III)、二聚Mo(III)、Cr(II)和Ti(III)都可将还原为[4]

溶解性

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几乎所有高氯酸盐都可溶于水,且具有吸湿性或潮解性(铵盐、钾盐、铅盐和亚汞盐不潮解),高氯酸钾难溶于乙醇(和高氯酸钠不同)。[5]

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Perchlorate - PubChem Public Chemical Database. The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2019-04-07]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-27). 
  2. ^ Draft Toxicological Profile for Perchlorates页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, September, 2005.
  3. ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 5th, New York: Wiley-Interscience: 564, 1988, ISBN 0-471-84997-9 
  4. ^ Edward T. Urbansky. Perchlorate Chemistry: Implications for Analysis and Remediation页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 1998
  5. ^ Prescott, A.B.; Johnson, O.C. Qualitative Chemical Analysis: A Guide in Qualitative Work, with Data for Analytical Operations and Laboratory Methods in Inorganic Chemistry. D. Van Nostrand Company. 1901: 342 [2021-11-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-27). 
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高氯酸盐
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