纸莎草
纸莎草
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| 纸莎草 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 单子叶植物 Monocots |
| 演化支： | 鸭跖草类植物 Commelinids |
| 目： | 禾本目 Poales |
| 科： | 莎草科 Cyperaceae |
| 属： | 莎草属 Cyperus |
| 种： | 纸莎草 C. papyrus
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| 二名法 | |
| Cyperus papyrus | |
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纸莎草[注 1]（学名：Cyperus papyrus，英文名：papyrus, papyrus sedge），又称纸草（英语：Paper reed）、埃及莎草、埃及纸草、蒲草（Bulrush）、埃及蒲草、印度丛草（Indian matting plant）。属于莎草科莎草属。是北非洲原产的一种多年生草本植物。
生长型态
纸莎草是一种高而坚韧的挺水植物，约可长到4至5米高。它绿色、长秆状的茎横切面为三角形，从粗厚的地下茎中长出。每一条茎的顶端都会长出一簇浓密的、放射状（像烟火一般）的叶。叶子细长、通常呈亮绿色，长度约10至30公分。当植物还年幼的时候，这簇叶子的生长型态就像鸡毛撢一样。花是绿褐色，生长在叶簇的末端。果实呈褐色。地下茎在刚长出时会被一层红褐色的纸质层覆盖，这层三角形的鳞状层也覆盖了茎的基部。
纸莎草生长在热带至亚热带的环境中，不论是潮湿的森林或干燥的沙漠，只要全年均温在20到30℃且土壤pH值在6.0-8.5就可以生长。纸莎草的花在暮夏盛开，并且倾向于在全日照到半阴凉的环境开花。像许多典型的热带植物一样，纸莎草对霜很敏感。
纸莎草的分布遍及在沼泽、浅水湖和溪畔等非洲的潮湿部分，但在尼罗河三角洲已逐渐变得稀少。在较深的水中，纸莎草是构成植被的主要植物（被称为sudd）。现今它的野生分布存在于刚果、马达加斯加岛、乌干达、埃塞俄比亚和西西里岛。
纸莎草羽毛状的花是许多社会性鸟类筑巢的地点。像许多莎草科植物一样，它是风媒花，且果实由流水带走。
今天，纸莎草被培育、改良为装饰性的植物。其中C. nanus（矮纸莎草）、C. profiler两个品种只会长到约1米高。
用途
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参见：莎草纸 |
古埃及人使用纸莎草的用途有很多。其中，最有名的应该是莎草纸的制作。在希腊文和英文中，“莎草纸”这个字的语源被许多人认为是来自于古埃及语，但这是谬传。纸莎草现在被广泛的运用于制作装饰品，例如莎草纸画。在古代，纸莎草在尼罗河三角洲有着相当广泛的分布，然而现在它在尼罗河三角洲的原生种群却濒临绝灭。在泰奥弗拉斯托斯的《植物史》（Historia Plantarum，卷十）一书中写到纸莎草在叙利亚也有分布。而根据老普林尼的《博物志》一书，纸莎草是尼罗河及幼发拉底河流域的原生植物。
此外，古埃及人利用多种莎草科的植物的花来制作敬神的花圈。而嫩枝则被当作食物。它多纤维的地下茎则用来制作碗等多种器具，有时也当作燃料。而茎则用来编制苇舟（在埃及第四王朝的浮雕中，描绘了壮年男子采集莎草制作苇舟的情形），类似的船在苏丹也能发现。
注释
延伸阅读
- Boar, R. R., D. M. Harper and C. S. Adams. 1999. Biomass Allocation in Cyperus papyrus in a Tropical Wetland, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. 1999. Biotropica 3: 411.
- Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, M. Chandler, L. Kaufman and A.E. Keiter. 1996. Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Conservation Biology 10: 554-561.
- Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, P.J. Schofield, J.P. Olowo, L. Kaufman, O. Seehausen and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo. 2003. Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conservation Biology 17: 500-511.
- Gaudet, John. 1975. Mineral concentrations in papyrus in various African swamps. Journal of Ecology 63: 483-491.
- Gaudet, John. 1976. Nutrient relationships in the detritus of a tropical swamp.Archiv für Hydrobiologie 78: 213-239.
- Gaudet, John. 1977. Natural drawdown on Lake Naivasha, Kenya and the formation of papyrus swamps. Aquatic Botany 3: 1-47.
- Gaudet, John. 1977. Uptake and loss of mineral nutrients by papyrus in tropical swamps. Ecology 58: 415-422.
- Gaudet, John. 1978. Effect of a tropical swamp on water quality. Verh. Internat. Ver. Limnol. 20: 2202-2206.
- Gaudet, John. 1978. Seasonal changes in nutrients in a tropical swamp. Journal of Ecology 67: 953-981.
- Gaudet, John. 1980. Papyrus and the ecology of Lake Naivasha. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 12: 267-272.
- Gaudet, J. and J. Melack. 1981. Major ion chemistry in a tropical African lake basin. Freshwater Biology 11: 309-333.
- Gaudet, J. and C. Howard-Williams. 1985. “The structure and functioning of African swamps.” In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 154–175).
- Gaudet, John. 1991. Structure and function of African floodplains. Journal of the East African Natural Historical Society. 82(199): 1-32.
- Harper, D.M., K.M. Mavuti and S. M. Muchiri. 1990: Ecology and management of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, in relation to climatic change, alien species introductions and agricultural development. Environmental Conservation 17: 328–336.
- Harper, D. 1992. The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiologia. 232: 65-71.
- Howard-Williams, C. and K. Thompson. 1985. The conservation and management of African wetlands. In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 203–230).
- Jones, M.B. and T. R. Milburn. 1978. Photosynthesis in Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), Photosynthetica. 12: 197 - 199.
- Jones, M. B. and F. M. Muthuri. 1997. Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus L) swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13: 347–356.
- Jones M.B. and S. W. Humphries. 2002. Impacts of the C4 sedge Cyperus papyrus L. on carbon and water fluxes in an African wetland. Hydrobiologia, Volume 488, pp. 107–113.
- Maclean, I.M.D. 2004. An ecological and socio-economic analysis of biodiversity conservation in East African wetlands. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
- Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, M. R. Boar and I. Lake. 2006. Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus-dwelling passerines. Biological Conservation., 131: 349-358.
- Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, R. Boar, R. and O. Nasirwa. 2003a. Effects of habitat degradation on avian guilds in East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus L. swamps. Bird Conservation International, 13: 283-297.
- Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar, R.R. 2003b. Social and economic use of wetland resources: a case study from Lake Bunyonyi, Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-09, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
- Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar. 2003c. Towards optimal use of tropical wetlands: an economic evaluation of goods derived from papyrus swamps in southwest Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
- Messenger Dally. 1908 How papyrus defeated South Sydney and assisted in making Eastern Suburbs great
- Muthuri, F. M., M. B. Jones, and S.K. Imbamba. 1989. Primary productivity of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) in a tropical swamp - Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Biomass, 18: 1 - 14.
- Muthuri, F. M. and M. B. Jones. 1997. Nutrient distribution in a papyrus swamp: Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Aquatic Botany, 56: 35–50.
- Owino, A. O. and P. G. Ryan. 2006. Habitat associations of papyrus specialist birds at three papyrus swamps in western Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 44: 438-443.
- Thompson, K. 1976. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile. In (ed.J. Rzoska) ‘‘The Nile. Biology of an Ancient River.’’Monographiae Biologicae, 29. Dr.W. Junk b.v., The Hague.
- Thompson, K., P.R. Shewry & H.W. Woolhouse. 1979. Papyrus swamp development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire: Studies of population structure in Cyperus papyrus stands. Botanical Journal of the Linn. Soc. 78: 299-316.
参见
外部链接
- Purdue University: Cyperus papyrus factsheet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Floridata （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- University of Connecticut Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Conservatory
- Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. Cyperus papyrus . African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 2014.
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