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纸张回收

纸张回收

纸张回收,又称废纸回收,是将用过的纸张循环再造的过程。必须一提的是,纸张并不可以无限次回收,因为纸张内的纤维在每次回收后都会缩短,在回收4至6次之后,由于纤维过短而无法制作成纸张[1]

回收理由

工业化造纸业对环境产生影响,无论是在上游(获取和加工原材料的地方)还是在下游(废弃物处理影响)。[2]

如今,40%的纸浆是从木材中制造出来的(在大多数现代工厂中,仅有9-16%的纸浆是由纸浆原木制成的;其余的来自传统上被燃烧的废弃木材)。纸张生产占据了约35%的被砍伐树木,[3] 并占据了世界总经济产出的1.2%。[4] 回收一吨的新闻纸可以节约约1吨的木材,而回收一吨的印刷纸或复印纸可以节约略多于2吨的木材。[5] 这是因为卡夫特法制浆需要两倍于机械法制浆的木材,因为它去除了木素以产生比机械法制浆工艺更高质量的纤维。将回收的纸张吨数与未砍伐的树木数量关联在一起是没有意义的,因为树木的大小变化巨大,这是影响从多少树木制造多少纸张的主要因素。[6] 此外,专门为制浆生产的树木占世界纸浆产量的16%,原始森林占9%,而第二、第三代及更多代的森林占其余部分。[3] 大多数纸浆厂操作员进行造林以确保持续供应树木。 森林认证计划(PEFC)和森林管理委员会(FSC)认证根据旨在确保良好林业实践的准则制造的纸张。[7]

能源

通过回收来减少能源消耗,[8] 尽管关于实际节能效果的争论存在。能源信息管理局声称,与用未回收纸浆制造的纸张相比,回收纸张可以减少40%的能源消耗,[9] 而国际回收业联合会(BIR)声称减少64%。[10] 一些计算显示,回收一吨报纸可以节约约4,000 kWh(14 GJ)的电力,尽管这可能过高(请参见下面关于未回收纸浆的评论)。这足以为一个三居室的欧洲房屋提供一整年的电力,或为一个普通的北美家庭提供将近六个月的供暖和空调能源。[11][12] 通过回收纸浆制造纸张实际上比通过卡夫特法制浆制造新纸浆消耗更多的化石燃料;这些工厂大部分的能源来自于燃烧废木材(树皮、根、锯木厂废料)和副产品木素(黑液)。[13] 生产新机械浆的纸浆厂消耗大量能源;粗略估计每吨纸浆需要10吉焦(2500千瓦时)的电能。[14]

填埋用途

在美国,约35%的城市固体废物(回收前)按重量是纸张和纸制品。其中42.4%被回收利用。[15]

水和空气污染

美国环境保护局(EPA)发现,回收造纸比制造原纸会产生35%的水污染和74%的空气污染。[16] 纸浆厂可以是空气和水污染的来源,特别是如果它们在生产漂白纸浆。现代工厂产生的污染比几十年前的要少得多。回收纸浆为造纸提供了替代纤维。回收的纸浆可以使用与漂白原纸相同的化学品进行漂白,但过氧化氢硫酸氢钠是最常见的漂白剂。回收纸浆或由其制造的纸张如果在回收过程中没有使用含氯化合物,则称为PCF(无过程氯)[17]

温室气体排放

有关纸张和纸板生产的研究估计,回收纸张的排放量为0.2至1.5千克二氧化碳当量/千克材料。[18] 这大约相当于与生产原材料相关的CO₂排放的70%。[19]

环保争议

普遍认为再造纸比新造的纸张较环保,实际情况可能取决于多个因素,包括回收地与造纸厂的距离而当中运输所消耗的燃料、处理废纸例如将颜料清除所需的化学剂和它的弃置处理[20]、新造纸原料由植林所得而树木生长过程会从大气吸收大量二氧化碳等等[21]

参考

  1. ^ How many times can it be recycled?. Auckland Council. 2016 [2021-10-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-07). 
  2. ^ Hershkowitz, A. (2002). Bronx ecology. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 62
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Martin, Sam. Paper Chase. Ecology Communications, Inc. 2004 [21 September 2007]. (原始内容存档于17 May 2008). 
  4. ^ Trends and Current Status of the Contribution of the Forestry Sector to National Economies. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2004 [21 September 2007]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-27). 
  5. ^ Environmental Paper Network (PDF). Green Press Initiative. 2007 [23 October 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 April 2012). 
  6. ^ Marcot, Bruce G. How Many Recycled Newspapers Does It Take to Save A Tree?. The Ecology Plexus. 1992 [22 September 2007]. (原始内容存档于13 October 2007). 
  7. ^ Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf!. [21 September 2007]. (原始内容存档于26 August 2007). 
  8. ^ Case history: The truth about recycling. The Economist. 9 June 2007 [19 April 2012]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-23). 
  9. ^ SavingEnergy Recycling Paper & Glass. Energy Information Administration. September 2006 [20 October 2007]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-25). 
  10. ^ Information about Recycling. Bureau of International Recycling. [20 October 2007]. (原始内容存档于27 September 2007). 
  11. ^ Recycle – Save Energy. South Carolina Electric & Gas Company. 1991 [20 October 2007]. (原始内容存档于11 September 2007). 
  12. ^ Pivnenko, Kostyantyn. how many reams of paper in a box. Science & Technology. [2007-12-11]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-21). 
  13. ^ Jeffries, Tom. Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production. University of Wisconsin Biotech Center. 27 March 1997 [21 October 2007]. (原始内容存档于20 December 2006). 
  14. ^ Biermann, Christopher J. Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking需要免费注册. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. 1993. ISBN 0-12-097360-X. 
  15. ^ Executive Summary: Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency. 200 [23 October 2007]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于12 September 2007). 
  16. ^ Recyc2007. [30 October 2007]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-16). 
  17. ^ MacFadden, Todd; Michael P. Vogel. Facts About Paper. Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center, Montana State University. June 1996 [30 October 2007]. (原始内容存档于12 July 2007). 
  18. ^ Life cycle inventory data sets for material production of aluminum, glass, paper, plastic, and steel in North America (PDF). February 2003 [29 December 2020]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-04-07). 
  19. ^ Hillman, Karl; Damgaard, Anders; Eriksson, Ola; Jonsson, Daniel; Fluck, Lena. Climate Benefits of Material Recycling. 2015 [29 December 2020]. ISBN 9789289342179. S2CID 128434790. doi:10.6027/TN2015-547. (原始内容存档于2018-06-01). 
  20. ^ Pivnenko, Kostyantyn; Laner, David; Astrup, Thomas F. Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016-11-15, 50 (22): 12302–12311. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 27572286. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01791可免费查阅. 
  21. ^ How Are Trees Grown for Paper? (PDF). The Leading Technical Association for the Worldwide Pulp, Paper and Converting Industry. 2001 [2021-10-05]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-09-23). 

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纸张回收
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