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船颌翼龙属

船颌翼龙属
化石时期:侏罗纪晚期,155.7–150.8 Ma
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
目: 翼龙目 Pterosauria
科: 喙嘴翼龙科 Rhamphorhynchidae
亚科: 掘颌翼龙亚科 Scaphognathinae
属: 船颌翼龙属 Scaphognathus
Wagner, 1861
模式种
粗喙船颌翼龙
Scaphognathus crassirostris

(Goldfuss, 1831)
异名
  • 粗喙翼手龙 Pterodactylus crassirostris
    (Goldfuss 1830)
  • Pachyrhamphus crassirostris
    (Fitzinger 1843)
  • Ornithocephalus crassirostris
    (Wagner 1851)
  • Brachytrachelus crassirostris
    (Geibel 1852)
  • 粗喙喙嘴翼龙 Rhamphorhynchus crassirostris (Wagner 1858)

船颌翼龙属名:Scaphognathus)又名管颌翼龙桶颌翼龙掘颌翼龙,是翼龙目的一属,生存于侏罗纪晚期的德国地区。牠们的翼展约1米。掘颌翼龙属于喙嘴翼龙科,与本科其他属相比,船颌翼龙拥有较宽广的嘴部,与较短的翼与尾巴。

发现与命名

[编辑]

在1831年,德国古生物学家奥古斯特·戈德弗斯研究掘颌翼龙的第一个化石[1],他当时将这个缺乏尾巴的标本,归类于翼手龙的新种,粗喙翼手龙(Pterodactylus crassirostris),种名在拉丁文意为“胖的口鼻部”[2]Physically it was very similar to Rhamphorhynchus, albeit with notable cranial differences.[2]。这个不完整标本发现于德国巴伐利亚州索伦霍芬(Solnhofen)地层,是个成年个体,翼展约3呎。

掘颌翼龙的正模标本

在1858年,约翰·瓦格纳(Johann A. Wagner)发现第二个标本后,发现尾巴的存在,因此发现这种动物的外形类似喙嘴翼龙类。第二个标本比较完整,但翼展只有约20吋,只有部分骨头硬化,因此不是个成年个体[2]。粗喙翼手龙曾经多次改归类于独立属,PachyrhamphusBrachytrachelus,但已有其他动物优先使用这些名称。在1961年,约翰·瓦格纳将其建立为新属,模式种粗喙掘颌翼龙Scaphognathus crassirostris),属名意为“船形的颌部”,意指牠们的钝口鼻部。

叙述

[编辑]

目前已发现三个掘颌翼龙的标本,都发现于巴伐利亚州的索伦霍芬地层[2],地质年代属于侏罗纪晚期的启莫里阶[3]。在外形上,掘颌翼龙非常类似喙嘴翼龙,但两者的头颅骨有不同特征[2]

掘颌翼龙具有比例较短的头颅骨,长4.5吋,口鼻部前段较钝,眶前孔较大[2]。牙齿较为垂直,而非倾斜。根据早期研究,掘颌翼龙的上颌有18颗牙齿、下颌有10颗牙齿[2]。在2004年,克里斯多佛·班尼特(Christopher Bennett)研究第三个标本,发现上颌只有16颗牙齿;过去可能把替换用牙齿算进去,才变成18颗牙齿[4]

在2011年,科学家比较翼龙类、现代鸟类爬行动物巩膜环大小,提出掘颌翼龙可能属于昼行性动物,而喙嘴翼龙、梳颌翼龙可能是夜行性动物;掘颌翼龙可能是为了避免与以上物种争夺相同食物来源,而错开活跃时间[5]

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Goldfuss G. A. (1830). "Pterodactylus crassirostris". Isis von Oken, Jena pp. 552–553
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Scaphognathus." In: Cranfield, Ingrid (ed.). The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books, Ltd. Pp. 308-309.
  3. ^ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 545–549. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  4. ^ Bennett, S. C. (2004). "New information on the pterosaur Scaphognathus crassirostris and the pterosaurian cervical series", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(Supplement to #3):38A
  5. ^ Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology. Science. 2011, 332. PMID 21493820. doi:10.1126/science.1200043. 
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船颌翼龙属
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