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合兰真沙陀-折折运都山之战

合兰真沙陀-折折运都山之战(Khalakhaljid Sands),1203年(宋嘉泰三年,金泰和三年)春,成吉思汗统一蒙古各部战争中,铁木真王汗在合兰真沙陀(今内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗北境)、折折运都山(今克鲁伦河上游之南)的决战。战后,王汗败亡,铁木真奠定了统一蒙古的基础。

克烈部是当时蒙古高原上最强盛的一个部落集团,在土拉河流城与斡儿寒河(鄂尔浑河)流域和杭爱山地区游牧,占据蒙古草原的心腹地带。其王帐没在回故都窝鲁朵城(今蒙古国鄂尔浑河上游哈拉和林北)。该部落首领脱斡邻勒汗,因入金纳贡和助金作战有功,金朝册封为王,故蒙古人称之为王汗。铁木真被推选为蒙古乞颜部首领后,一直依附于强大的克烈部,以王汗为汗父,凭借其力量保护自己,同时征战四方。

1202年至1203年,铁木真意欲联合王汗消灭乃蛮部,王汗见铁木真势力不断壮大,危及自己在蒙古高原的霸主地位,便开始招纳蒙古部的叛逃者,利用他们,特别是接受了札达兰部首领札木合,扩充自己的势力。铁木真为了争取力量,进而瓦解王汗势力,以离间与联婚为策略。但在札木合的作用下,未能实现,从此,王汗与铁木真的关系走向破裂、矛盾激化。1203年春,王汗假称许婚,邀铁木真赴宴“不兀勒札儿”(蒙古语、许亲酒),想要乘机杀死铁木真。因阴谋泄露,诱杀未成,立即发兵进击,双方在合兰真沙陀交战。铁木真仓促迎战,仅以三千兵马,迎击数倍的克烈部大军,一日苦战,击退王罕军的进攻后,乘夜移师至合勒合河畔(今哈拉哈河畔),分军沿河而下,至董哥泽(今贝尔湖之东),始脱险地。王汗也率军西归。铁木真与拙赤合撒儿术赤台札八儿火者镇海速不台哈散纳阿术鲁绍古儿、怀都、塔海拔都儿、失鲁孩(雪里坚那颜)、孛秃耶律阿海耶律秃花、答失蛮·哈只不、玉速阿剌、哈班(速不台的父亲)、忽鲁浑(速不台的哥哥)等十九人共饮班朱尼河水,立誓复仇。

战后,跟随王汗的蒙古贵族,阴谋袭击王汗。王汗得知率兵攻打,答里台(铁木真叔父)等逃归铁木真,札木合等投靠乃蛮。铁木真休养士马,纠集部众,派使者去责备王汗,并行离间之策,派胞弟拙赤合撒儿诈降,稳住王汗,争取时间,然后再战。1203年秋,力量得到恢复,于是移驻斡难河西岸的三河源头,整军备战。不久,得知王汗毫无戒备,令拙赤合撒儿前去诈降,然后移军客鲁涟河(今克鲁伦河)上游,秘密西袭王汗。经三天三夜激战,围王汗大营,全歼王汗军。王汗、桑昆父子二人西逃后,被乃蛮哈剌鲁汗所杀,至此,克烈部灭亡[1]

注释

  1. ^ 《中国战典 上》. 中国人民革命军事博物馆编著 北京:解放军出版社 1994 第761页. 
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合兰真沙陀-折折运都山之战
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