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迦勒迦河之战

卡尔卡河战役
蒙古征服俄罗斯的一部分

蒙古的弓骑兵
日期1223年5月31日
地点
结果 蒙古决定性胜利
参战方
蒙古帝国 基辅大公国
加利西亚-沃里尼亚王国
切尔尼戈夫大公国
斯模凌斯克大公国
钦察
指挥官与领导者
哲别
速不台
姆斯季斯拉夫·姆斯季斯拉维奇
姆斯季斯拉夫·罗曼诺维奇被俘掳处决
加利西亚的丹尼尔
可泰安
兵力
20,000–23,000人[1].[2] 8,000–80,000人[3][4][5][6][7][8]
伤亡与损失
未知 约 60至90%的部队死亡[9]

卡尔卡河之战(俄语:Битва на реке Калке乌克兰语Битва на річці Калка蒙古语Калка голын тулалдаан)是指公元1223年钦察人基辅罗斯对抗蒙古的战争。

铁木真成为大汗后,蒙古开始东征西讨,因此居于第聂伯河钦察人基辅罗斯加利奇公国求助(因钦察人曾包庇蔑儿乞人)。由于两国存在姻亲关系,加利奇决定联合其他罗斯的公国对抗蒙古,合组成8万大军。负责统率蒙古军的哲别速不台,驻守在第聂伯河的下游支流卡利奇克河(或译卡尔卡河)按兵不动。 加利奇的王公姆斯季斯拉夫按捺不住,率兵渡河发动进攻。蒙古军则向后佯撤,引诱加利奇军脱离大军;直到卡利奇克河平原之时,姆斯季斯拉夫才发觉己军被整齐的蒙古军分割得七零八落又求助无援。其实当时罗斯其他的大公已经赶到战场,但因利害关系着想而不愿投入战场。姆斯季斯拉夫最终逃离战场回到卡利奇克河的对岸,临走前还烧毁了所有的船只,结果不但使蒙古军无法继续追赶,连其他罗斯军队亦无路可逃,通通成为了蒙古的战俘。

注脚

  1. ^ de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, p. 118.
  2. ^ Gabriel, Subotai The Valiant: Genghis Khan's Greatest General, p. 100.
    * de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, p. 118.
  3. ^ John Fennell, The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200–1304, pp. 66–68.
  4. ^ D.G. Khrustalev. Rus and the Mongol invasion (20 - 50's of XIII century). - SPb: Eurasia, 2013. - pp. 85–86
  5. ^ Khrustalev, p. 416
  6. ^ Sverdrup, p. 206
  7. ^ Gabriel, Subotai The Valiant: Genghis Khan's Greatest General, p. 98.
  8. ^ Spencer C. Tucker. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. - 23.12.2009. - pp. 426
  9. ^ The Novgorod First Chronicle, translated by R. Michell, and N. Forbes, London 1914.

参考文献

书籍

  • Boldur, Alexandru (1992). "Istoria Basarabiei" Editura Victor Frunză, București.
  • Cross, Samuel Hazzard, and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor, trans. (1953). Russian Primary Chronicle. Lavrentian Text Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America.
  • Fennell, John (1983). The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200–1304. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48150-3
  • Gabriel, Richard (2004). Subotai The Valiant: Genghis Khan's Greatest General. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-97582-7
  • de Hartog, Leo (1989). Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-139-6
  • Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36896-0
  • Marshall, Robert (1993). Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08300-8
  • Martin, Janet (1995). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36276-8
  • Michell, Robert, and Neville Forbes, eds. and trans. (1914). The Chronicle of Novgorod (1914). London: Camden Society.
  • Hugh Munro, Hector (1900). The Rise of the Russian Empire. G. Richards.
  • Wallace, Robert (1967). Rise of Russia. Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-900658-37-1

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迦勒迦河之战
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