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动介词

动介词(英语:Coverb)是像是动词或动作的协作者的前缀。在拥有连动结构的语言中,动介词是一种同时有动词和前置介词特征的词。动介词与宾语或补语结合并形成短语,并与另一动词短语相连,形成连续结构。动介词可作为主动词的下一级,并实现类似前置介词的功能。

部分可被划为动介词的词汇也能被视作独立的动词,但并不普适。这种动介词主要出现在亚洲语言中,如汉语越南语[1]:68,以及约鲁巴语等西非语言中。§ 语例如下。

术语“动介词”有时也用于表示复合动词或复合谓语的第一个组分。这时,动介词承担大多数语义信息,第二个组分是功能动词,承担表示语法信息的词形变化。动介词的这种用法一般出现在北澳大利亚原住民语言[2]:59

关于匈牙利语,“动介词”有时用于指一种动词前缀[3]:74ff它们是表达方向或完成的语素,因此和特定种类的副词相对应。

语例

下面展示了现代标准汉语中的动介词。它们展现上面3种意义中的第一种—很可能也是最普遍的意义。

我帮你找他

上例展现了汉语典型的连动结构,“帮你”和“找他”都是动词短语,共享一个主语“我”,本质上指同一个动作。不过,“帮”实际上有着类似前置介词“为了”的功能。这里的“帮”就可被分析为是动介词(其他有类似结构的语言,如越南语约鲁巴语也可以这样分析)。

我坐飞机从上海到北京去

上例中有3个动介词:“坐”“从”“到”,“去”是整个句子的谓语。这3个动介词也能单独拿出来充当动词。不是所有汉语动介词都能当动词。

汉语动介词的一个重要视角是时序的使用,在小句内,表达动作来源的动介词必须出现在表达动作终点的动介词之前。

因为动介词先于补语(宾语),功能上也基本表现为前置介词,一些语言学家简单地将其视作介词。在这之外,汉语还有出现在名词后的位置标记,即后置介词,这使得“介词”的情况更加复杂。[4]

参考

  1. ^ Ho-Dac Tuc, Vietnamese-English Bilingualism: Patterns of Code-Switching, Routledge 2014.
  2. ^ Mengistu Amberber, Brett Baker, Mark Harvey, Complex Predicates: Cross-linguistic Perspectives on Event Structure, CUP 2010.
  3. ^ Carol H. Rounds, Hungarian: An Essential Grammar, Routledge 2013.
  4. ^ Word order is important in Chinese. Department of Linguistics and Oriental Languages, San Diego State University. [2009-12-21]. (原始内容存档于September 4, 2011). 
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