Sanʽani Arabic
| Sanʽani Arabic | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Yemen |
| Speakers | 13 million (2020)[1] |
| Arabic alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ayn |
| Glottolog | sana1295 |
 Distribution of Sanʽani Arabic according to Ethnologue | |
Sanʽani Arabic is an Arabic dialect spoken in north of Yemen in the city of Sana'a.
Phonology
[edit]The Sanaani dialect is distinguished among Yemeni dialects by its use of the [ɡ] sound in the place of the /q/ (qāf ق) used in Modern Standard Arabic.
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Interdental | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emph. | plain | emph. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Stop | voiceless | t | tˤ | k | ʔ | |||||
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | sˤ | ʃ | x | ħ | h | |
| voiced | ð | ðˤ | z | ɣ | ʕ | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː |
| Open | a aː |
- The short vowels /a i u/ can have lax allophones of [æ~ɛ, ʊ, ɪ].[2]
- /aː/ within emphatic environments can be heard as back [ɑː].[3]
| Person | Number | Case | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Object | ||
| First | Singular | Anǝ | -nǝ; -nee |
| Plural | Eħnǝ | -na; Eħnǝ | |
| Second | Singular | ant (m.); Anti (f.) | ant, anti; -ak (m.); -eʃ (f.) |
| Plural | Anto | Anto; -ʊ | |
| Third | Singular | Huː (m.), Hiː (f.) | Ho/-uː (m.), Hiː/ -iː (f.) |
| Plural | Hom/Om(m.) ; Hen/en(f.) | Hom/Om (m.) ; Hen/en (f.) | |
Grammar
[edit]Along with these phonological similarities to other dialects, Sanʽani Arabic also has several unique features. It uses the classical mā in the meaning of "what", as well as in negations. Unlike the classical usage, this mā is used without distinction in verbal and nominal sentences alike. Sanʽani Arabic represents the future aspect with a complex array of prefixes, depending on the person of the verb. For first-person verbs the prefix (ša-) or (‘ad) is used. The derivation of (ša-) is apparently related to the classical (sa-), and (‘ad) is likely an abbreviation of (ba‘d), meaning "after". For all other persons in Sanʽa proper the simple prefix (‘a-) is used, although many of the villages around Sanʽa extend the use of (ša-) for all persons.
Syntax
[edit]Sanʽani syntax differs from other Arabic dialects in a number of ways. It is one of few remaining Arabic dialects to retain the mā af‘al exclamatory sentence type with the meaning "how (adjective)". For instance, mā ajmal, is used to mean "how beautiful", from the adjective jamīl, meaning "beautiful"; a construction it shares with Libyan Arabic and Levantine Arabic.
Vocabulary
[edit]The Sanʽani vocabulary is also very distinct and conservative. The classical verb sāra, yasīr is retained with the meaning of "to go" (similar to Moroccan). Shalla, yashill is used to mean "to take/get".[5]
As an example of its distinctiveness, during an appearance of the would-be parliament speaker of Yemen, Abdullah Alahmar, on Al-Jazeera TV some years ago, viewers and the TV host needed a translation of his Yemeni dialect into Standard Arabic in order to understand what he said.
Loanwords
[edit]| Ṣanʿānī Arabic | Translation | Etymology | Modern Standard Arabic equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| demmeh | domestic cat | Tigrinya: ድሙ dəmmu
Amharic: ድመት dəmät |
قِطَّة qiṭṭa |
| bardag; galaṣ | glass (cup) | Turkish: bardak; English | كَأْس kaʾs |
| edarapp | to drop | English | سَقَطَ saqata |
| dappeh | bottle | Hindi: डिब्बा ḍibbā 'container' | قَارُورَة qārūra |
| eskeh | Allow me (informal) | እስኪ əskī 'please' | إِسْمَح لِي ismaḥ lī |
| nahi | OK | Arabic: نهى 'done' | حسناً ḥasanan |
| dēmeh | kitchen | ديمة 'cottage'[6] | مَطْبَخ maṭbaḵ |
| saykal | bicycle | Hindi: साइकिल sāikil | دَرَّاجَة darrāja |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sanʽani Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ Watson, Janet C. E. (1996). Ṣbaḥtū! A course in Ṣanʻānī Arabic. Harrassowitz.
- ^ C. E. Watson, Janet (2009). San'ani Arabic. Encyclopaedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 4.
((cite book)): CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Börjars, Kersti; Burridge, Kate (2010). Introducing English grammar (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. ISBN 978-1444109870.
- ^ Janet C. E. Watson, Sbahtu! A Course in Sanʽani Arabic. Semitica Viva: Series Didactica, 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996. xxvii, 324 pp., glossary, index ISBN 3-447-03755-5
- ^ Piamenta, Moshe (1990). A Dictionary of Post Classical Yemeni Arabic. Vol. 1: A - Š. Leiden: Brill. p. 163. ISBN 978-9004092617.
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