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肿瘤学

肿瘤学(英語:Oncology)是一种研究肿瘤(尤其是恶性肿瘤)的病因、预防、诊断、治疗以及基础研究的综合性、独立性医学二级学科。

提高肿瘤患者生存率的方法主要包括以下三方面:

  1. 预防 - 主要包括减少与烟、酒等肿瘤风险因素的接触。[1]
  2. 早期诊断 - 对常见癌症的筛查[2] 以及进行综合诊断、分期
  3. 治疗 - 综合治疗[3] 通过肿瘤专家组讨论,或在综合型癌症中心接受治疗[4]

对癌症的治疗通常需要跨学科的会诊。[5] 医学肿瘤学家,外科肿瘤学家,放射肿瘤学家,病理学家,放射科医师和器官特异性肿瘤学家应该在会诊中对于癌症病人的病情进行探讨,并根据病人的身体、心理、情绪、经济、社会关系等多方面因素制定最适宜的治疗方案。同时,由于肿瘤的治疗方案时常会改进,肿瘤学家们应及时跟进肿瘤学的最新动态。对于病情恶化的患者,或者标准疗法不适用的患者,如果符合标准,应该进行临床试验。

风险因素

吸烟是最容易致癌或致死的因素。吸烟增加患有肺癌喉癌口腔癌食道癌咽喉癌膀胱癌肾癌肝癌胃癌胰腺癌结肠癌直肠癌子宫颈癌急性骨髓性白血病癌症风险。无烟烟草(例如鼻烟嚼菸)亦增加口腔癌、食道癌和胰腺癌的患病风险。[6]
它會增加您患口腔癌、喉癌、食道癌、肝癌乳腺癌的風險。對於那些飲酒吸煙的人,患癌症風險要高得多。[7]
肥胖
肥胖的人患乳腺癌、結腸癌、直腸癌、子宮內膜癌、食道癌、腎癌、胰腺癌和膽囊癌的風險增加。[8]
年龄
高齡是許多癌症的危險因素。癌症診斷的中位年齡為66歲。[9]

肿瘤的分类

肿瘤的治疗

相关学科

参考资料

  1. ^ Stein, C. J.; Colditz, G. A. Modifiable risk factors for cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 2004-01-26, 90 (2): 299–303. ISSN 0007-0920. PMC 2410150可免费查阅. PMID 14735167. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601509. 
  2. ^ Hristova, L.; Hakama, M. Effect of screening for cancer in the Nordic countries on deaths, cost and quality of life up to the year 2017. Acta Oncologica. 1997-01-01,. 36 Suppl 9: 1–60. ISSN 0284-186X. PMID 9143316. 
  3. ^ Forbes, J. F. Multimodality treatment of cancer. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1982-08-01, 52 (4): 341–346. ISSN 0004-8682. PMID 6956307. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1982.tb06005.x. 
  4. ^ Bristow, Robert E.; Chang, Jenny; Ziogas, Argyrios; Campos, Belinda; Chavez, Leo R.; Anton-Culver, Hoda. Impact of National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Centers on ovarian cancer treatment and survival. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2015-05-01, 220 (5): 940–950. ISSN 1879-1190. PMID 25840536. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.01.056. 
  5. ^ Croke, J.M.; El-Sayed, S. Multidisciplinary management of cancer patients: chasing a shadow or real value? An overview of the literature. Current Oncology. 2012-08-01, 19 (4): e232–e238. ISSN 1198-0052. PMC 3410834可免费查阅. PMID 22876151. doi:10.3747/co.19.944. 
  6. ^ Tobacco. National Cancer Institute. [2016-01-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-21). 
  7. ^ Alcohol. National Cancer Institute. [2016-01-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-16). 
  8. ^ Obesity. National Cancer Institute. [2016-01-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-16). 
  9. ^ Age. National Cancer Institute. [2016-01-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-06). 

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肿瘤学
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