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內分泌學

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內分泌學分泌系統失調及其疾病的醫學分支,属于内科学的分支学科。

1849年最早建立內分泌學,是由德國哥廷根的柏爾陶德(A·A·Berthold)发表了一篇题为《睾丸的移植》的论文,通過精巢的移植,使閹割過的公雞恢復原狀,他得到結論睾丸是可移植的器官,不依赖局部的神经支配,由此可证明了睾丸是内分泌腺体。1856年,法国著名医学家在布朗-塞卡 (C.E.Brown-Sequard,1817—1894)证实切除两侧肾上腺必定导致死亡。1859年由 C.Bermard创立了“内环境”及内分泌的概念。1902年英國兩位生理學家貝里斯(W.M.Bayliss)和史達靈(E.H.Starling)將動物的十二指腸的內膜,加入酸性溶液,再注入另一隻實驗狗的靜脈,狗的胰臟就分泌了大量胰液,定名為「促胰液素」(secretin),他們發現不同器官之間,有互相調控的化學物質,這種物質以血液輸送。1905年6月20日,史達靈在英國皇家醫學會的克魯年講座(Croonian Lecture)的演講中首 次提出激素(hormone)一名詞,音譯則是「荷爾蒙」,他在演講中提到:「生物體持續出現的生理需求,必然決定了這種物質的不斷生成以及在全身的循環。」。

1921年,格次茨大學藥物學教授奧托 (Otto Loewi)觀察青蛙心臟的跳動,首次發現神經激素,並且發現了副交感神經的神經介質為乙酰膽鹼

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內分泌學
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