嚼菸
嚼菸（英語：Chewing tobacco），又作嚼煙，一種供口嚼的菸草產品，使用方式為將一塊嚼菸，放入口中咀嚼，就如吃口香糖和檳榔一樣。咀嚼時，嚼菸會釋出香味及尼古丁，這些成份會經由口腔黏膜吸收到人體中，咀嚼後的嚼菸會被吐掉。
嚼菸最早起源於美洲原住民，現仍流行於美國及歐洲。美國品牌的嚼菸，一般以雪茄煙葉製成。由於菸草本身含有許多致癌物質，醫學界認為嚼菸可導致口腔癌，牙齦萎縮等。
嚼煙是尼古丁的來源之一，因此很容易上癮，[1]戒掉咀嚼菸草與戒菸一樣具有挑戰性。[2]
使用咀嚼菸草會導致多種有害影響，如牙醫疾病、口腔癌、食道癌、胰臟癌、冠狀動脈心臟病，以及對生殖的負面影響，包括死產、早產和低出生體重。[3][4]咀嚼菸草比傳統燃燒產品帶來的健康風險更低。[5]然而，它並不是吸煙的健康替代品，[6]不同類型的產品和產地的風險程度各不相同，[7][8]咀嚼煙草沒有安全的使用水準。[6]在全球範圍內，咀嚼煙草每年導致 65 萬人死亡。[9]
相关条目
[编辑]- ^ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2016, 23 (18): 1970–1981 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-01）.
- ^ Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L. Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 31 May 2017. PMID 28636307.
本文含有此來源中屬於公有领域的内容。
- ^ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2016, 23 (18): 1970–1981 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-01）.
- ^ Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi. Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2019-01-01, 21 (1): 25–31 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 1469-994X. PMC 6941711
. PMID 29325111. doi:10.1093/ntr/nty002. （原始内容存档于2024-05-31） （英语）.
- ^ Hajat, C.; Stein, E.; Ramstrom, L.; Shantikumar, S.; Polosa, R. The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review. Harm Reduction Journal. 4 December 2021, 18 (1): 123. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 8643012 . PMID 34863207. doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00557-6 （英语）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L. Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 31 May 2017. PMID 28636307. 本文含有此來源中屬於公有领域的内容。
- ^ Abrams, David B.; Glasser, Allison M.; Pearson, Jennifer L.; Villanti, Andrea C.; Collins, Lauren K.; Niaura, Raymond S. Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives. Annual Review of Public Health. 2018, 39 (1): 193–213. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6942997 . PMID 29323611. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849 .
本條目含有来自此处的文本，作者為David B. Abrams, Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura，以CC BY 4.0授權條款釋出。
- ^ Hajat, C.; Stein, E.; Ramstrom, L.; Shantikumar, S.; Polosa, R. The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review. Harm Reduction Journal. 4 December 2021, 18 (1): 123. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 8643012 . PMID 34863207. doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00557-6 （英语）.
- ^ Chugh, Aastha; Arora, Monika; Jain, Neha; Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya; Readshaw, Anne; Sheikh, Aziz; Eckhardt, Jappe; Siddiqi, Kamran; Chopra, Mansi; Mishu, Masuma Pervin; Kanaan, Mona; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Mehrotra, Ravi; Huque, Rumana; Forberger, Sarah. The global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health. June 2023, 11 (6): e953–e968 [2024-07-01]. PMID 37202029. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00205-X. （原始内容存档于2024-06-03） （英语）.
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
Cover photo is available under {{::mainImage.info.license.name || 'Unknown'}} license.
Cover photo is available under {{::mainImage.info.license.name || 'Unknown'}} license.
Credit:
(see original file).
