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米德拉什

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米德拉什,或译作"米德拉西"、"密德拉西"(英语:Midrash),是猶太教對律法和倫理進行通俗闡述的宗教文献,為猶太法師知識的研究與猶太聖經的詮釋[1]

"米德拉什"是希伯來文מדרש的音譯,意思是解釋、闡釋,即"聖經註釋"。雛形在公元2世紀時已出現,全部在公元6至10世紀成書。猶太拉比們通過"米德拉什"將不同的觀念引入猶太教,聲稱乃揭示早已存在經卷內的觀念。

全書按《塔納赫》(即希伯來聖經)的卷序編排而講解,稱呼是在每書卷加上「米德拉什」,例如《出埃及記》的解釋,稱呼為“出埃及記米德拉什”。"米德拉什"的內容分為兩大類型:"哈拉哈"(Halachah)和"哈加達"(Haggadah),前者以解釋律法為主,後者以有教育意義的故事為載體進行解經,有時兩者兼存。

"哈拉哈"意為規則,是猶太教口傳法規的文獻,為闡釋經文的律法、教義、禮儀與行為規範,說明其生活應用。"哈加達"則意為宣講,是闡述經文的寓意、歷史傳奇和含義等,並對逾越節的儀式和祈禱進行指導。約在公元2世紀,"哈加達"的內容已見雛形,而最早的單行本則出現於8世紀。

参考文献

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米德拉什
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