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活化T細胞核因子

活化T細胞核因子(英語:Nuclear factor of activated T-cells,缩写NFAT)是轉錄因子的一類,在免疫反應中扮演著重要的角色。免疫系統中的大多數細胞都會有著一個或多個NFAT家族的成員蛋白的表达,此外,NFAT也會參與心臟骨骼肌神經等系統的發育。

NFAT最初被發現是T细胞白细胞介素-2(IL-2,也就是T細胞免疫反應的調節劑)的激活劑。後來,研究進一步的發現了NFAT在很多身體系統的調節中也有重要的作用[1]。NFAT轉錄因子參與很多日常身體調節,也會引發多種疾病,例如炎症性腸病和多種癌症。目前科學家也在嘗試以NFAT作爲多種疾病的藥物靶點。

成員

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NFAT轉錄因子包含NFATc1、NFATc2、NFATc3、NFATc4和NFAT5五個成員[2]。NFATc1至NFATc4受钙信号调节。而NFAT5是最新發現的成員,有與其他NFAT成員不同的特徵[3]

鈣信號對於NFATc1至NFATc4的激活非常重要,钙调蛋白(CaM)是一種常見的鈣傳感蛋白,可激活蛋白絲氨酸/蘇氨酸磷酸酶鈣調磷酸酶(CN)。激活的CN與位於NFATc1至NFATc4的N端調節域上的結合位點結合,並快速地把位處NFAT蛋白N端的絲氨酸富集區(Serine-rich region,SRR)和SP重複序列去磷酸化。去磷酸化導致構象變化,核定位序列被暴露,促進核轉位[4]

此外,NFAT5的N端調節域缺少一個重要構造,而該構造包含上述與激活的CN結合的結合位點,導致NFAT5不受鈣信號傳導影響。可是,在滲透脅迫期間,絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MARK)會控制相關反應。在高滲環境下,NFAT5會被運送到細胞核,激活數個滲透保護基因轉錄。因此,在腎髓質、皮膚眼睛,以及胸腺和激活的淋巴細胞中會發現NFAT5[5]

臨床作用

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發炎

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科學家在LRRK2基因編碼(富亮氨酸重复激酶2)發現了炎症性腸病(IBD)的易感基因位點,顯示NFAT能夠調節IBD[6]。激酶LRRK2是NFATc2的抑制劑,在缺乏LRRK2的小鼠中可發現巨噬細胞中NFATc2的活性增加[6],使引發嚴重結腸炎的NFAT依賴性細胞因子增加。

NFAT也在類風濕性關節炎(RA)中有重要角色,RA是一種有强勁促炎成分的自身免疫疾病。TNF-α(腫瘤壞死分子)是促炎細胞因子,可激活巨噬細胞中的鈣調神經磷酸酶-NFAT通路。此外抑制雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路可減低關節炎症和侵蝕,故mTOR通路與NFAT之間有相互作用,是類風濕性關節炎發炎過程中的關鍵[1]

参考文獻

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Pan MG, Xiong Y, Chen F. NFAT gene family in inflammation and cancer. Current Molecular Medicine. May 2013, 13 (4): 543–54. PMC 3694398可免费查阅. PMID 22950383. doi:10.2174/1566524011313040007. 
  2. ^ Crabtree GR, Olson EN. NFAT signaling: choreographing the social lives of cells. Cell. April 2002,. 109 Suppl (2): S67-79. PMID 11983154. S2CID 6542642. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00699-2可免费查阅. 
  3. ^ Macián F, López-Rodríguez C, Rao A. Partners in transcription: NFAT and AP-1. Oncogene. April 2001, 20 (19): 2476–89. ISSN 1476-5594. PMID 11402342. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204386可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Park YJ, Yoo SA, Kim M, Kim WU. The Role of Calcium-Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling Pathway in Health and Autoimmune Diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020, 11: 195. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 7075805可免费查阅. PMID 32210952. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00195可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ Lee JU, Kim LK, Choi JM. Revisiting the Concept of Targeting NFAT to Control T Cell Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018, 9: 2747. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 6277705可免费查阅. PMID 30538703. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02747可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Liu Z, Lee J, Krummey S, Lu W, Cai H, Lenardo MJ. The kinase LRRK2 is a regulator of the transcription factor NFAT that modulates the severity of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Immunology. October 2011, 12 (11): 1063–70. PMC 4140245可免费查阅. PMID 21983832. doi:10.1038/ni.2113. 
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活化T細胞核因子
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