For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for 拟态.

拟态

釉蛺蝶亞科 (Heliconius) 的蝴蝶是穆氏擬態的經典範例。[1]

拟态Mimicry)在演化生物學裡,指的是一个物种在演化过程中,获得与另一种成功物种相似的特徵,以混淆另一方(如掠食者)的認知,進而远离或靠近拟态物种。這種現象在許多動物的行為中很常見,已知從昆蟲魚類兩棲類植物甚至是真菌都有紀錄顯示這些生物已懂得使用擬態。

對於有被掠食威脅的生物來說,一般在掠食者視覺上,當獵物具有與對掠食者有危險或是無用的生物相似的外貌,會使掠食者很難辨識,因此便很容易達成欺瞞的目的;然而若在行為、聲音、氣味或棲息地點上也很類似,成功騙過掠食者的機率就會更高。同樣的,某些掠食者懂得善加利用自己先天上的優勢(如外形),形態與無害的其他生物相似,使獵物察覺不到,因而大幅提升了獵食的成功率。

種類

擬態種類族繁不及備載,以下列舉三种拟态:

  1. 貝氏擬態(Batesian mimicry,以英國博物學家亨利·沃爾特·貝茲Henry Walter Bates)命名),於1861年在林奈學會發表論文,說明亞馬遜河的粉蝶會模仿毒蝶屬,保護自己免於被捕食,一个物种拟态模仿另一个成功的物种,显得有毒或者是无食用价值。但该拟态并不会攻击掠食者。例如,一种鹿子蛾会拟态成为黄胡蜂,但它并不能螫。但掠食者还是会把它当成黄胡蜂回避。例如尺蠖形態及行為與樹枝或莖相仿,藉以躲避獵食。
  2. 穆氏拟态(Müllerian mimicry,以德國生物學家弗里茨·穆勒(Fritz Mülle)命名),一个物种以鲜艳的体颜等手段警告掠食者其毒性或不可食用性,但警告的生效还是要等掠食者得到教训才开始,例如掠食者从一次失败的捕猎中很快认识到猎物有毒。这种拟打击掠食者。依照此種擬態,蜜蜂会模仿黄蜂,两者外表相似都能螫。
  3. 进攻性拟态(Aggressive mimicry),拟态成为无害的物种以吸引獵物,如豬籠草偽裝成花朵,吸引昆蟲前往採蜜,藉以獲取養分。

貝氏擬態是好吃的蝴蝶模擬難吃的蝴蝶,而穆氏擬態則是難吃的蝴蝶相互模擬,兩種擬態常會連結,形成「擬態環」,以致好吃與難吃的蝴蝶都有類似的圖案。[2]

圖片

註釋

  1. ^ Meyer, A. Repeating Patterns of Mimicry. PLoS Biol. 2006, 4 (10): e341. PMC 1617347可免费查阅. PMID 17048984. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341. 
  2. ^ Russell, Sharman Apt. 蝴蝶熱. 貓頭鷹出版. 2021. ISBN 978-986-262-470-8. 

参閲

外部連結

{{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}
拟态
Listen to this article

This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:

This article was just edited, click to reload
This article has been deleted on Wikipedia (Why?)

Back to homepage

Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}

Install Wikiwand

Install on Chrome Install on Firefox
Don't forget to rate us

Tell your friends about Wikiwand!

Gmail Facebook Twitter Link

Enjoying Wikiwand?

Tell your friends and spread the love:
Share on Gmail Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Buffer

Our magic isn't perfect

You can help our automatic cover photo selection by reporting an unsuitable photo.

This photo is visually disturbing This photo is not a good choice

Thank you for helping!


Your input will affect cover photo selection, along with input from other users.

X

Get ready for Wikiwand 2.0 🎉! the new version arrives on September 1st! Don't want to wait?