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拟交配

鏡蜂蘭(the mirror bee orchid,Ophrys speculum) (more photos)
非洲侏儒蛙英语African Dwarf Frog(Hymenochirus boettgeri)的抱合行為英语Amplexus(more photos)

拟交配(英語:Pseudocopulation)是指并没有实际交配行为的「假」交配。某些植物的花朵常常模仿雌性昆虫,或释放出某些化学物质,以吸引雄性昆虫与之「交配」,达到传粉的目的。

假交配描述的是類似於交配的行為,對一個或兩個參與者具有生殖功能,但不涉及個體之間的實際結合。最常用於描述試圖與花交配的傳粉昆蟲英语Pollinator。有些花會在視覺上模仿潛在的雌性配偶,但關鍵的刺激大多是化學和觸覺上的刺激。[1]這種植物擬態的形式稱為波漾氏擬態(Pouyannian mimicry)。[2]

蘭花也常常以這種方式實現繁殖,從花萼花瓣唇瓣中的氣味腺(osmophores)分泌化學物質,傳粉者難以區分這些化學物質與昆蟲的天然費洛蒙的差別。接下來,花粉塊英语Pollinium會附著在傳粉者的身體上,當它嘗試另一次「交配」時,就會將其轉移到另一朵花的柱頭上。傳粉者通常是蜜蜂黃蜂蒼蠅雙翅目昆蟲。

授粉昆蟲的成本可被視為微不足道,但對隱柱蘭(一種澳大利亞蘭花)授粉者的研究表明,它們可能會因在花上射精而浪費大量的精子。因此,可能存在著對抗性的共同演化,以致於傳粉者變得更善於正確辨識自己的物種,而蘭花成為更好的擬態者。[3]

「假交配 」也被用來描述交配動物之間密切的身體接觸,它們卵會在體外受精。青蛙就是這樣的一個例子,雄性在雌性排出卵子的同時釋放精子,這個過程被稱為「抱合行為英语Amplexus」(Amplexus)。[4] 在某些種類的海星中,雄性和雌性可能走到一起,形成一對。雄性爬在上面,將自己的手臂放在雌性的手臂之間。當雌海星向水中釋放卵子時,雄海星就會被誘導釋放精子。[5]

「假交配」也被用來指鳥類看似交配的行為,但可能只涉及到騎乘行為,也可能涉及到同性的配對行為。[6]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ van der Pijl, Leendert; Dodson, Calaway H. Chapter 11: Mimicry and Deception. Orchid Flowers: Their Pollination and Evolution. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press. 1966: 129–141. ISBN 0-87024-069-2. OCLC 310489511. 
  2. ^ Pasteur, G. A Classificatory Review of Mimicry Systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 1982, 13: 169–199. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125. 
  3. ^ Gaskett, A. C.; Winnick, C. G.; Herberstein, M. E. Orchid Sexual Deceit Provokes Ejaculation. The American Naturalist. 2008, 171 (6): E206. PMID 18433329. doi:10.1086/587532. 
  4. ^ pseudocopulation. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 19, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061690页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ Run, J. -Q.; Chen, C. -P.; Chang, K. -H.; Chia, F. -S. Mating behaviour and reproductive cycle of Archaster typicus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Marine Biology. 1988, 99 (2): 247–253. ISSN 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00391987. 
  6. ^ Barrows, Edward M. Animal-behavior desk reference: a dictionary of animal behavior, ecology, and evolution. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2001: 148. ISBN 0-8493-2005-4. 
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拟交配
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