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居庸关

居庸关长城

居庸关北侧眺望图,居庸关镇守『太行八陉』中的军都陉,自秦以来便成为重要的通行要道。图左侧为燕山,右侧为太行山,G6 京藏高速 G6辅路和京张铁路三条交通干线汇聚于此
全国重点文物保护单位
中华人民共和国国务院公布
地址北京市昌平区
坐标40°17′23″N 116°03′50″E / 40.289762°N 116.063887°E / 40.289762; 116.063887
分类古建筑及历史纪念建筑物
时代

居庸關明长城其中一座出名的關城,與附近的八达岭長城同為首都北京西北方的重要屏障。与倒馬關紫荆關合称“内三關”。居庸关也是太行八陉中军都陉的重要关隘,始建于秦代。

地理位置

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居庸關位於北京西北部,距北京約60公里。居庸關設於太行山餘脈之軍都山峽谷之間的关沟,兩側均有高山聳立,縱深約20公里,地勢險要。

歷史

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清末的居庸关云台

早於春秋戰國時期,呂氏春秋就有關居庸的記載,道“天下九塞,居庸其一”。居庸關的建設則始於漢代,當時亦只是作為郡縣間的關口,並未納於長城的建築體制內。

到了北魏時代,居庸關才修築成長城的一部分,並建設成長城上其中一座重要的關口。此後歷代均有加築修建,進一步成為北京西北方的軍事重鎮。

明代军制

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明朝时期,为了对抗外长城以北的蒙古,守卫京师。后在九镇之外,增加了昌平镇总兵与真保镇总兵。居庸关属于昌平镇下属的三参将之一(另外两个参将是黄花城与镇边城)。而八达岭设守备,隶属于居庸关参将。

建築體制

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S207从居庸关(图左)前驶过。

居庸關為四面均建有城牆,設南北兩道關門,關門外均築有瓮城。兩側架設有敵樓與烽火台,方便傳訊。

作為京城西北之要塞屏障,居庸關擁有完善的防御體系。自北而南分別由岔道城、居庸外鎮(八達嶺)、上關城、中關城(居庸關)及南口五道防線組成,而居庸關則作為整個體制之指揮中心。

居庸關、八达岭及附近的长城被称为燕京八景之一的居庸叠翠

從居庸关向下俯視

參看

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居庸关
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