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以偏概全

以偏概全(英語:hasty generalization)是指以少數的例證或特殊的情形,強行概括整體。[1]

常見形式

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以偏概全有幾種常見的形式:

示例

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例一

俄羅斯人都喜歡喝伏特加

不一定所有俄羅斯人都喜歡喝伏特加。這種即為常見的合成謬誤

例二

某甲嚴詞批判某乙的作為,還把事情鬧得很大,而就我個人的經驗來看,某乙是個好人,可見某甲只是無來由地厭惡某乙,或者妒忌某乙而已。某甲應該要放下自己的怒火,接納某乙,甚至應該向某乙道歉。

有可能其實是某乙一直都在搞小動作,把某甲逼到抓狂,或者有其他的理由,所以才會發生這樣的事情的。不能因為跟一個人一兩次的交流經驗,而對一個人的性格下評斷,尤其不應該下負面的評斷。

以全概偏

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相對地,以全概偏即是將通則強加至所有個例。

以全概偏有的常見形式如下:

  • 將整個群體的一般性特質套用至所有個體(分割謬誤
  • 根據一般性通則否定特例的可能性(偶例謬誤
  • 某甲整體而言優於某乙時,認定某甲不會有任何一點遜於某乙;或反過來某甲整體而言遜於某乙時,認定某甲不會有任何一點優於某乙。
  • 區群謬誤

示例

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這篇論文的結論已經被推翻,所以這篇論文的每一個結論都是錯的。

整體而言是錯的不代表每一個部分都是錯的。

注釋

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  1. ^ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. [2019-06-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-12). 

外部連結

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以偏概全
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