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倒果為因

倒果為因因果倒置(Reverse causation),是一種非形式謬誤,是指把原因誤認為是結果,或把結果誤認為是原因。

因果關係經常是基於二件事物的高度相關性,倒果為因謬誤通常是因誤判其影響方向所致。

示例

例一
  • 清末的苦力肌肉較發達,可見肌肉較發達的人比較喜歡擔任苦力。

事實也有可能是:被迫擔任苦力才肌肉發達。

例二
  • 盲人的聽力比明眼人好,可見聽力好的人容易失明。

事實也有可能是:盲人由於依聽力過活,聽力開發後變得比一般人更敏銳。

例三
  • 就是因為有這些唯恐天下不亂的反政府團體,人民內部才會有反政府的聲音的。

事實也有可能是:人民對政府有所不滿,才會有反政府團體的出現。

例四

事實也有可能是:那些男人自己過度好色,才寵幸美女,以致搞到出大問題。

例五

事實也有可能是:在國家走上成為已開發國家的道路後,國家才出現民主與法治,而非反過來,而一個國家之所以成為已開發國家,是工作倫理等其他因素導致的。如果不能證明民主與法治讓國家成為已開發國家,這種說法有倒果為因之嫌。

相關概念

注釋

外部連結

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倒果為因
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