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元和中興

唐宪宗

元和中興(805-820年),是指唐朝中唐时,唐憲宗在位時因治國有方,國家政治一度回到正軌的時代,視為中興之局。由於憲宗在位15年,是用元和為其在位期間之年號,因而得名。

背景

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安史之亂以後,唐朝出現藩鎮割據的問題,部份地方節度使擁兵自重,自成一國,影響中央政府對地方的控制,削弱了中央的統治力量。當中特別以河朔三鎮最為跋扈。德宗在位時,有鑑於中央兵力不足,故對藩鎮採取姑息政策,但流弊漸生。憲宗在永貞內禪繼承父親順宗即位後,決心“以法度裁制藩鎮”[1],著意用兵對付強大的外藩,並取得一定的成果。

中興內容

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  • 憲宗納宰相杜黃裳之議,征伐不服之藩鎮。
  • 元和元年(806年),先以高崇文討平劍南西川節度使刘辟,旗開得勝。
  • 元和八年(813年),魏博節度使田季安死,其堂叔田興受鎮兵擁護掌權,中央任命為節度使,遂歸順中央,賜名田弘正
  • 元和九年(814年),淮西節度使吳少陽死,其子吳元濟割據申、光、蔡三州,憲宗發兵近九萬人進討,久戰無功。元和十二年(817年),任命宰相裴度為淮西宣慰處置使,負責統帥全軍。憲宗派李愬討平淮西節度使吳元濟,申、光二州守軍亦降。後横海节度使程权奏请入朝为官,朝廷收復滄、景(治今河北景縣東北)二州。
  • 幽州(今北京劉總上表請歸順。成德鎮上表自新,獻德、棣(今山東惠民東南)二州。
  • 眨昭義節度使盧從史為驩州司馬。
  • 元和十四年(819年)二月,劉悟殺節度使李師道降唐。淄青李师道亦平,收復淄青十二州。成德王承宗盧龍劉總相繼自請離鎮入朝,藩鎮割據的局面暫告結束。
  • 元和十五年(820年),成德鎮王承宗病死後,其弟王承元上表歸降。

自廣德(代宗)以來“垂六十年,藩鎮跋扈河南北三十馀州,自除官吏,不供貢賦,至是盡遵朝廷約束。”[2]史稱「元和中興」。元和十五年(820年)正月,宦官内常侍陈弘志王守澄合谋毒死宪宗,憲宗死,穆宗繼位,因处置藩镇不当,激起卢龙军朱克融的兵变,田弘正(時領成德軍)被部將王廷凑所殺,弘正子田布魏博軍時,亦為部將史憲誠所害。河朔三鎮復叛

参考文献

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  1. ^ 《資治通鑑》卷237
  2. ^ 《資治通鑑》卷241
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元和中興
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