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人類冠狀病毒HKU1

人類冠狀病毒HKU1
被HKU1病毒感染的人類第二型肺泡細胞,可見病毒感染造成了細胞間的融合,產生合胞體。綠色部分為病毒刺突蛋白的染色,藍色則為細胞核
病毒分類 编辑
(未分级) 病毒 Virus
域: 核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界: 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门: 小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota
纲: 小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes
目: 套式病毒目 Nidovirales
科: 冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae
属: 乙型冠狀病毒屬 Betacoronavirus
种:
人類冠狀病毒HKU1 Human coronavirus HKU1

人類冠狀病毒HKU1(Human coronavirus HKU、HCoV-HKU1),是乙型冠狀病毒屬的一種病毒,可能是源於感染鼠類的病毒[1],於2005年1月由香港大學的研究團隊發表,在香港兩名肺炎患者的分泌物中發現[2]

HKU1病毒與同屬的人類冠狀病毒OC43以及甲型冠狀病毒屬人類冠狀病毒229E人類冠狀病毒NL63同為造成人類普通感冒的四種冠狀病毒[3],也是四種病毒中最晚被發現的。此病毒與OC43病毒一樣以9-O-乙醯基唾液酸(9-O-acetylated sialic acids、9-O-Ac-Sias)為受體感染細胞[1][4]

發現

2004年一月,一名從深圳返回香港的71歲的男子,因咳嗽發燒而入院治療,經胸部X光檢查證實有肺炎症狀,其鼻咽分泌物的數種病毒檢測均呈陰性,經檢驗發現新型的冠狀病毒HKU1。該名男子在入院五天後因症狀緩解而出院。後來研究人員檢查樣本發現另一名35歲、有肺炎症狀的婦人鼻咽分泌物中亦有此病毒[5]

由于HCoV-HKU1的检出率低,导致学界对其认知有限。巴西研究人员于2011年宣布在一名于1995年冷冻的儿童鼻咽拭子样本中找到HCoV-HKU1,使得HCoV-HKU1的记录提前到1995年,并且研究人员通过进化树分析认为病毒早期可能存在其它分支[6]

基因組

人類冠狀病毒HKU1的基因組約長30000nt,其GC含量僅32%,是冠狀病毒中GC比最低者。其基因組編碼冠狀病毒皆有的複製酶(1a/1b)和刺突蛋白(S)、膜蛋白(M)、外膜蛋白(E)與衣殼蛋白(N)等四種結構蛋白,此外還有血凝素酯酶英语hemagglutinin esterase(HE)與ORF4和ORF8兩個開放閱讀框編碼輔助蛋白,其基因順序為1ab-HE-S-ORF4-E-M-N-ORF8,其中ORF8的開放閱讀框位於衣殼蛋白的開放閱讀框之內[5]

感染

冠狀病毒感染細胞之前,其刺突蛋白一般需被宿主細胞的蛋白酶切割,使其介導病毒外膜和細胞膜融合的結構域露出以利感染。HKU1病毒刺突蛋白中具有一S1/S2切割位點,可能可以被弗林蛋白酶切割[7]。此病毒感染的潛伏期為2–4天[8],在冬季較多[2],造成的症狀通常包括流鼻水發燒咳嗽喘息等,嚴重者可造成肺炎細支氣管炎英语bronchiolitis,另外有研究人員認為此病毒可能造成腸道症狀[7][9]。還有研究顯示被HKU1病毒感染的兒童發生熱性痙攣的比例高於被其他呼吸道病毒感染者[2][10]

分類

乙型冠狀病毒屬中,人類冠狀病毒HKU1與乙型冠狀病毒1型兔冠狀病毒HKU14中國鼠冠狀病毒HKU24鼠冠狀病毒等共同組成一演化支支系A(lineage A),此演化支的病毒基因組中皆編碼血凝素酯酶(HE),其他冠狀病毒則無[11][12]。上述病毒中HKU1病毒可能與鼠冠狀病毒的關係較為接近,互為姊妹群,序列分析顯示HKU1病毒曾與鼠肝炎病毒(鼠冠狀病毒的一型)發生重組,另外不同基因型的HKU1病毒間亦有重組發生[8]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang. Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions. Diseases. 2016-07-25, 4 (3) [2020-03-06]. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285可免费查阅. PMID 28933406. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. (原始内容存档于2020-06-04). See Table 1. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lau, S. K. P.; Woo, P. C. Y.; Yip, C. C. Y.; Tse, H.; Tsoi, H.-w.; Cheng, V. C. C.; Lee, P.; Tang, B. S. F.; Cheung, C. H. Y.; Lee, R. A.; So, L.-y.; Lau, Y.-l.; Chan, K.-h.; Yuen, K.-y. Coronavirus HKU1 and Other Coronavirus Infections in Hong Kong. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006, 44 (6): 2063–71. PMC 1489438可免费查阅. PMID 16757599. doi:10.1128/JCM.02614-05. 
  3. ^ Human Coronavirus Types. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-02-15 [2020-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-04). 
  4. ^ Hulswit, Ruben J. G.; Lang, Yifei; Bakkers, Mark J. G.; Li, Wentao; Li, Zeshi; Schouten, Arie; Ophorst, Bram; van Kuppeveld, Frank J. M.; Boons, Geert-Jan; Bosch, Berend-Jan; Huizinga, Eric G.; de Groot, Raoul J. Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9-O-acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor-binding site in spike protein domain A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019, 116 (7): 2681–2690. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1809667116. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Woo, P. C. Y.; Lau, S. K. P.; Chu, C.-m.; Chan, K.-h.; Tsoi, H.-w.; Huang, Y.; Wong, B. H. L.; Poon, R. W. S.; Cai, J. J.; Luk, W.-k.; Poon, L. L. M.; Wong, S. S. Y.; Guan, Y.; Peiris, J. S. M.; Yuen, K.-y. Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia. Journal of Virology. 2004, 79 (2): 884–95. PMC 538593可免费查阅. PMID 15613317. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005. 
  6. ^ 刘培林; 史蕾; 顾大勇; 胡龙飞. 人冠状病毒HCoV-HKU1研究进展. 中国公共卫生. 2017, 33 (8) [2020-04-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-07). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Pyrc, K.; Berkhout, B.; van der Hoek, L. The Novel Human Coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1. Journal of Virology. 2006, 81 (7): 3051–3057. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.01466-06. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Su, Shuo; Wong, Gary; Shi, Weifeng; Liu, Jun; Lai, Alexander C.K.; Zhou, Jiyong; Liu, Wenjun; Bi, Yuhai; Gao, George F. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends in Microbiology. 2016, 24 (6): 490–502. ISSN 0966-842X. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003. 
  9. ^ Vabret, A.; Dina, J.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Corbet, S.; Freymuth, F. Detection of the New Human Coronavirus HKU1: A Report of 6 Cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2006, 42 (5): 634–639. ISSN 1058-4838. doi:10.1086/500136. 
  10. ^ Kelvin K. W. To, Ivan F. N. Hung, Jasper F. W. Chan, Kwok-Yung Yuen. From SARS coronavirus to novel animal and human coronaviruses 5. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2013. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.02. 
  11. ^ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung. Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis. Viruses. 2010-08-24, 2 (8): 1804–1820. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3185738可免费查阅. PMID 21994708. doi:10.3390/v2081803. In all members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A, a haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene, which encodes a glycoprotein with neuraminate O-acetyl-esterase activity and the active site FGDS, is present downstream to ORF1ab and upstream to S gene (Figure 1). 
  12. ^ Lau, Susanna K. P.; Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Li, Kenneth S. M.; Tsang, Alan K. L.; Fan, Rachel Y. Y.; Luk, Hayes K. H.; Cai, Jian-Piao; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Zheng, Bo-Jian; Wang, Ming; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Sandri-Goldin, R. M. Discovery of a Novel Coronavirus, China Rattus Coronavirus HKU24, from Norway Rats Supports the Murine Origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and Has Implications for the Ancestor of Betacoronavirus Lineage A. Journal of Virology. 2015, 89 (6): 3076–3092. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.02420-14. 
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人類冠狀病毒HKU1
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