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學生 t 測試

實驗組同對照組喺個變數上各有個概率分佈(紅色線同藍色線);上圖顯示兩組差異細-組之間嘅差異(由 反映)同組內部差異(由 反映)比起嚟好細,而下圖顯示兩組差異大。

學生 t 測試hok6 saang1 ti1 caak1 si5英文Student's t-test),簡稱 t 測試,係統計學上常用嘅一種分析方法[1],通常畀人攞嚟睇吓兩個組之間喺某一個變數上係咪有明顯嘅差異嘅,例如係比較兩個地區嘅人嘅身高或者係比較兩個農場有冇話邊面嗰啲大隻啲。t 測試涉及以下嘅方程式,比較兩組喺個變數上嘅平均值

當中 係成個樣本嘅大細, 就係兩個組分別喺個變數上嘅平均值(mean), 係兩個組嘅標準差(t 測試假設咗兩個組嘅標準差相等),最後計到一個 值出嚟。如果 值好大,噉就表示咗「兩個組之間嘅差異」大過「組嘅內部差異」好多,噉亦都表示咗「個實驗嘅操作造成嘅差異」大過「隨機性嘅個體差異」- 值愈大愈係表示兩個組之間嘅差異係因為組嘅存在而造成嘅。計到個 值之後,仲有啲方法可以跟手計埋個顯著性嘅值出嚟。

呢個測係英國人 William Sealy Gosset 喺 1908 年發表嘅。發明者係健力士啤酒廠嘅員工,因為酒廠唔比佢嘅僱員寫學術論文,免得洩漏商業機密,所以佢用咗「學生」(Student) 呢個筆名來發表佢嘅研究。

分類

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獨立樣本

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獨立樣本 t 測試(independent samples t-test)指做 t 測試比較嗰兩個組係獨立同分佈(iid)嘅,例如做個心理學實驗,用隨機抽樣方法隨機噉抽咗 個受試者返嚟,再用隨機方法將佢哋分落實驗組同對照組(即係每位受試者有 50% 機率入實驗組、50% 機率入對照組)[2]

配對樣本

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配對樣本 t 測試(paired samples t-test / repeated-measure t-test)指做 t 測試嗰兩個組獨立同分佈嘅,研究者做咗某啲嘢,令一組數值當中每一個都喺另外嗰組當中有個對應,例如做個心理學實驗,研究者想知個實驗操作會引致變數 有乜變化,於是就喺實驗前量度 一次,跟住對受試者做實驗操作,然後喺實驗後又量度 一次(睇返重複量數設計)。喺呢個情況下,每位受試者都有一個「實驗前嘅 值」()同「實驗後嘅 值」(),研究者想比較兩組數值(總共有 個數值,而受試者數量係 ),但兩組數值唔係獨立同分佈嘅-每個 值都有一個相應嘅 值(一位受試者嘅 值同佢嘅 值)。喺配對樣本 t 測試當中,兩組數值理論上會互相影響-每一個 理論上都會係相應嘅 函數),所以同獨立樣本 t 測試比起嚟,配對樣本 t 測試嘅統計自由度;睇下面)會明顯低啲[2]

睇埋

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  1. Dodge, Yadolah (2008). The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 234–235.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Derrick, B; Toher, D; White, P (2017). "How to compare the means of two samples that include paired observations and independent observations: A companion to Derrick, Russ, Toher and White (2017)". The Quantitative Methods for Psychology. 13 (2): 120–126.
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學生 t 測試
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