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貘属

貘属
化石时期:33.9–0 Ma
渐新世早期[1]至今
左上:南美貘;右上:山貘
左下:中美貘;右下:马来貘
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 奇蹄目 Perissodactyla
科: 貘科 Tapiridae
属: 貘属 Tapirus
Brisson, 1762[2][3]
模式种
南美貘
Hippopotamus terrestris
Linnaeus, 1758
Tapirus terrestris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
现生物种
异名[3]
列表
    • Acrocodia Goldman, 1913
    • Chinchecus Trouessart, 1898
    • Cinchacus Gray, 1873
    • Elasmognathus Gill, 1865
    • Hydrochoerus Gray, 1821
    • Pinchacus Hershkovitz, 1954
    • Rhinochoerus Wagler, 1830
    • Syspotamus Billburg, 1827
    • Tapir Blumenbach, 1779
    • Tapyra Liais, 1872
    • Tapirella Palmer, 1903
    • Tapirussa Frisch, 1775

学名Tapirus),为奇蹄目貘科[4]的一属,统称,又写作,属大型林栖植食性哺乳动物。现存四种,即山貘南美貘中美貘马来貘,前三种均产自美洲,仅马来貘产自东南亚[5]。此外又有一种在2013年命名的卡波马尼貘,分布于南美洲,一度被视为现存的第五种貘,但其独立物种地位一直广受争议,后来的遗传学研究表明卡波马尼貘实为南美貘的一部分,并非有效物种[6]。传统上,现生貘类都被归入貘属Tapirus[3],但也有学者将马来貘另置于单独的马来貘属Acrocodia[7]

形态习性

貘生活在靠近水源的低地到山地森林中,独居而无固定领地,善于游泳和潜水。牠们身躯肥硕,四肢较短,尾极短小,体型似而略大,是南美洲现存最大的原产哺乳动物;保留着奇蹄动物前肢四趾、后肢三趾的原始特征,趾尖具蹄甲;牠们最为显著的特点是有一条突出的鼻子,能用以抓握树叶辅助进食,并能在游泳时充当呼吸管的作用[8]

貘发源于渐新世北美洲,现存亲缘关系最近的动物是犀牛,并与犀牛尤为亲近,二者及其史前近缘类群共同组成奇蹄目下的角形亚目[9][10]

分类

在2013年描述卡波马尼貘的论文中,研究者通过对现生貘类线粒体细胞色素 b 基因序列的分析,指出南美貘、山貘和卡波马尼貘这三种现代南美貘类中,卡波马尼貘是最先分化的一支,而山貘则被嵌套在南美貘之内,若山貘作为独立物种自南美貘中移除后,将使南美貘成为并系群[11]。同时分子定年方法测得卡波马尼貘在65.2万–28.8万年前与南美貘和山貘组成的演化支分化,中美貘在755万–316万年前与三种南美貘类分化,马来貘则在1270万–560万年前与其他所有现生貘类分化[11]

现生貘类之间的分化关系(基于2013年的细胞色素 b 序列分析)[11]
 貘属 Tapirus 

 马来貘 T. indicus

 中美貘 T. bairdii

 卡波马尼貘 T. kabomani

 南美貘 T. terrestris厄瓜多尔种群)

 山貘 T. pinchaque

 南美貘(其他种群)

本属包括以下物种:

  • Tapirus antiquus Kaup, 1833
  • Tapirus arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828
  • Tapirus augustus Matthew & Granger, 1923
  • 中美貘 Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865),为Tapirella bairdii (Gill, 1865)的异名
  • Tapirus balkanicus Spassov & Ginsburg, 1999
  • Tapirus cristatellus Winge, 1906
  • Tapirus greslebini (Rusconi, 1934)
  • Tapirus haysii (Leidy, 1860)
  • 马来貘 Tapirus indicus Desmarest, 1819,为Acrocodia indica (Desmarest, 1819)的异名
  • Tapirus johnsoni Schultz et al., 1975
  • Tapirus kabomani Cozzuol, Clozato, Holanda, Rodrigues, Nienow, de Thoisy, Redondo & Santos, 2013[12]
  • 卡波马尼貘 Tapirus kabonai Cozzuol, Clozato, Holanda, Rodrigues, Nienow, de Thoisy, Redondo & Santos, 2014
  • Tapirus leucogenys Gray, 1872
  • Tapirus lundeliusi Hulbert, 2010
  • Tapirus malayanus Raffles, 1821
  • Tapirus merriami Frick, 1921
  • Tapirus mesopotamicus Ferrero & Noriega, 2007
  • Tapirus oliverasi Ubilla, 1983
  • 山貘 Tapirus pinchaque (Roulin, 1829)
  • Tapirus priscus Kaup, 1833
  • Tapirus rioplatensis Cattoi, 1957
  • Tapirus rondoniensis Holanda et al., 2011
  • Tapirus sanyuanensis Huang & Fang, 1991
  • Tapirus simpsoni Schultz et al., 1975
  • Tapirus sinensis Owen, 1870
  • Tapirus tarijensis Ameghino, 1902
  • 南美貘 Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Tapirus veroensis (Sellards, 1918)
  • Tapirus webbi Hulbert, 2005
归入本属的物种:
  • Tapiravus polkensis (Olsen, 1960)

参考文献

  1. ^ Protapirus. Paleobiology Database. [2021-11-08]. 
  2. ^ Gray, J.E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review. 1821, 15: 296–310. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Grubb, P. Order Perissodactyla. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (编). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 633. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494.  NLC 001238428.
  4. ^ 同号文; 徐繁. 中国第四纪貘类的来源与系统演化问题. 邓涛; 王原 (编). 第八届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集. 北京: 海洋出版社. 2001: 133–141. ISBN 978-7-5027-5370-2. (简体中文)
  5. ^ Ballenger, L.; Myers, P. Tapiridae. Animal Diversity Web. 2001. (原始内容存档于2013-04-13). 
  6. ^ Ruiz-García, Manuel; Castellanos, Armando; Bernal, Luz Agueda; Pinedo-Castro, Myreya; Kaston, Franz; Shostell, Joseph M. Mitogenomics of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque, Tapiridae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in Colombia and Ecuador: Phylogeography and insights into the origin and systematics of the South American tapirs. Mammalian Biology. 2016-03-01, 81 (2): 163–175. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.11.001. 
  7. ^ Groves, C.P. & Grubb, P. Ungulate Taxonomy (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2011: 18–20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-26). 
  8. ^ All About the Terrific Tapir | Tapir Specialist Group. IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group. [2021-11-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-28). 
  9. ^ Simpson, George Gaylord. The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History英语Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1945, 85: 252–258. hdl:2246/1104可免费查阅. 
  10. ^ Holbrook, Luke T.; Lapergola, Joshua. A new genus of perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with comments on basal perissodactyl phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (4): 895–901. S2CID 84351811. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579669. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cozzuol, M.A.; Clozato, C.L.; Holanda, E.C.; Rodrigues, F.V.H.G.; Nienow, S.; De Thoisy, B.; Redondo, R.A.F.; Santos, F.C.R. A new species of tapir from the Amazon. Journal of Mammalogy英语Journal of Mammalogy. 2013, 94 (6): 1331–1345. doi:10.1644/12-MAMM-A-169.1可免费查阅. 
  12. ^ Mario A. Cozzuol , Camila L. Clozato , Elizete C. Holanda , Flávio H. G. Rodrigues , Samuel Nienow , Benoit de Thoisy , Rodrigo A. F. Redondo , and Fabrício R. Santos. 2013. A New Species of Tapir from the Amazon. Journal of Mammalogy. 94(6):1331-1345. DOI: 10.1644/12-MAMM-A-169.1

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貘属
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