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脉冲星风云

船帆座脉冲星(中心)及其周围的脉冲星风云。
蟹状星云的内部。中心部分显示脉冲风星云,中心的偏红色星是蟹状星云脉冲星。合成影像的可见光是哈伯太空望远镜的资料(红色),X射线的资料来自钱卓拉(蓝色)。

脉冲星风云pulsar wind nebula,缩写为PWN,复数为PWNe,有时称为plerion,是源自希腊语"πλήρης","pleres",意思是"满"[1]。),是由超新星残骸中心的脉冲星产生的脉冲星风提供动力,在其壳体内发现的星云。这种星云是在1976年发现的,当时在超新星残骸中心附近的无线电波出现衰减的现象[1]。之后,它们被发现是X射线辐射源[2],并且可能是伽玛射线[3]

脉冲星风星云的演化

产生脉冲星风云的过程很复杂,它们在产生成为所谓的星云遗迹之前会通过各种阶段的演化,像是风泡、壳状星云或弓形冲击星云[2]。 新的脉冲星风云出现在脉冲星产生的最初数千年内,通常看起来像超新星残骸内的一系列壳层,例如蟹状星云内部区域内的小脉冲星风云[4],或是在巨大的船帆座超新星残骸及其相关的船帆座脉冲星内的星云[5]

随着脉冲星风云年龄的老化,超新星残骸的星云消散和消失。在时间的推移中,脉冲星风云的行为可能会改变,成为围绕着毫秒电波脉冲星,或更老更慢的旋转脉冲星遗迹的星云[6]。估计脉冲星风云可以持续15,000年,之后,壳随着脉冲星能量的减少而消散,它们就不再能探测到[1]。重要的是,这取决于脉冲星因失去能量而自旋速度变慢的速率;这在已知的脉冲星之间有所不同[1]

脉冲星风星云的特性

脉冲星风由带电粒子(等离子)组成,并由旋转脉冲星的快速旋转产生强度达到1TG的巨大磁场加速到相对论速度。 脉冲星风经常流入周围的星际物质,形成一种经常性的激波,称为“风终端激波”,其中的物质被减速到次相对论速度。超过此半径,同步发射在磁化流中增加。这些过程可以开启和关闭与许多反转,这为在中心的脉冲星创造了许多可见的外壳[2]

脉冲星云通常显示以下的属性:

  • 越靠近中心亮度越高,而没有像大多数其它超新星残骸中的壳层结构。
  • 在电波频带中高度偏振通量和平面谱指数, α=0–0.3。由于同步辐射的损失,X射线能量指数上升,平均X射线光子指数为1.3–2.3 (谱指数为2.3–3.3)。
  • X射线的尺度通常小于其电波和光学尺度(由于高能电子的同步加速寿命较短)[7]
  • 伽玛射线TeV光子能量指数约为2.3。

脉冲星风云可以是探测脉冲星/中子星与周围环境相互作用的有利探测器。其独特的特性可以推断脉冲星风的几何、能量和组成、脉冲星本身的空间速度以及环境物质的特性[8]

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weiler, K. W.; Panagia, N. Are Crab-type Supernova Remnants (Plerions) Short-lived?. Astronomy & Astrophysics. November 1978, 70: 419–422. Bibcode:1978A&A....70..419W. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Safi-Harb, Samar. Plerionic supernova remnants. AIP Conference Proceedings: 5th International Meeting on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy. December 2012, 1505: 13–20. Bibcode:2012AIPC.1505...13S. arXiv:1210.5406可免费查阅. doi:10.1063/1.4772215. 
  3. ^ Guetta, Dafne; Granot, Jonathan. Observational implications of a plerionic environment for gamma-ray bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. March 2003, 340 (1): 115–138. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.340..115G. arXiv:astro-ph/0208156可免费查阅. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06296.x. 
  4. ^ Hester, J. Jeff. The Crab Nebula: An Astrophysical Chimera. Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics. September 2008, 46 (1): 127–155. Bibcode:2008ARA&A..46..127H. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110608. 
  5. ^ Weiler, K. W.; Panagia, N. Vela X and the Evolution of Plerions. Astronomy and Astrophysics. October 1980, 90 (3): 269–282. Bibcode:1980A&A....90..269W. 
  6. ^ Stappers, B. W.; Gaensler, B. M.; Kaspi, V. M.; et al. An X-ray nebula associated with the millisecond pulsar B1957+20. Science. February 2003, 299 (5611): 1372–1374. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1372S. PMID 12610299. arXiv:astro-ph/0302588可免费查阅. doi:10.1126/science.1079841. 
  7. ^ Slane, Patrick O.; Chen, Yang; Schulz, Norbert S.; et al. Chandra Observations of the Crab-like Supernova Remnant G21.5-0.9. Astrophysical Journal. April 2000, 533 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode:2000ApJ...533L..29S. PMID 10727384. arXiv:astro-ph/0001536可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/312589. 
  8. ^ Gaensler, Bryan M.; Slane, Patrick O. The Evolution and Structure of Pulsar Wind Nebulae. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. September 2006, 44 (1): 17–47. Bibcode:2006ARA&A..44...17G. arXiv:astro-ph/0601081可免费查阅. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092528. 

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脉冲星风云
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