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钱德拉塞卡极限

钱德拉塞卡极限Chandrasekhar Limit),以印度裔美籍天文物理学家苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡命名,是无自转恒星以电子简并压力阻挡重力塌缩所能承受的最大质量,这个值大约是1.44倍太阳质量 [1][2],计算的结果会依据原子核的结构和温度而有些差异[3]。钱德拉塞卡[4], eq. (36),[5], eq. (58),[6], eq. (43) 给出

此处, μe是分子的每电子平均质量,是氢原子的质量,而是与莱恩-埃姆登方程有关的常数,在数值上,这个值大约是 (2/μe)2 · 2.85 · 1030 公斤,或是,此处的是标准的太阳质量 [7],而普朗克质量,是M的数量级极限MPl3/mH2

白矮星而言,电子简并压力是其抵抗重力的唯一力量,因此这个值也是白矮星的质量上限。主序星的质量若超过8倍的太阳质量,在演化结束前不能抛掉足够的质量成为稳定的白矮星,因此会成为中子星或是黑洞 [8][9][10]

物理学

白矮星模型的半径相对于质量图。

电子简并压力是依据量子力学泡利不相容原理所产生的效应。因为电子是费米子,在一个原子内不能有两个电子有着相同的量子状态,所以不可能让所有的电子都在最低的能量。换言之,电子必然会占有不同的能阶。当原子被压缩时,由于电子的数量和必须占有不同的能阶,所以必然会占有一定量的体积。因此电子的能量将因为压缩而增加,电子也必须施加压力来抗拒电子云的进一步压缩。这就是电子简并压力的起源。

在非相对论的情况下,电子简并压力可以由状态方程求得,形式为P=K1ρ5/3。解白矮星多方模型的流体静力学等效方程式可以导出系数为3/2的半径反比于质量的立方,和体积反比于质量的关系。[11] 当白矮星模型的质量增加时,电子简并压力使得特有的电子能量相对于它们的静止质量不再是微不足道的。电子的速度接近光速,因此必须考虑到狭义相对论。在强大的相对论效应下,我们发现状态方程的形式为P=K2ρ4/3。这将使多方模型的系数成为3,这会使总质量Mlimit只与K2相关联。[12]

参考资料

  1. ^ p. 55, How A Supernova Explodes, Hans A. Bethe and Gerald Brown, pp. 51–62 in Formation And Evolution of Black Holes in the Galaxy: Selected Papers with Commentary, Hans Albrecht Bethe, Gerald Edward Brown, and Chang-Hwan Lee, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific: 2003. ISBN 981238250X.
  2. ^ Mazzali, P. A.; K. Röpke, F. K.; Benetti, S.; Hillebrandt, W. A Common Explosion Mechanism for Type Ia Supernovae. Science. 2007, 315 (5813): 825–828. doi:10.1126/science.1136259. 
  3. ^ The Neutron Star and Black Hole Initial Mass Function页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), F. X. Timmes, S. E. Woosley, and Thomas A. Weaver, Astrophysical Journal 457 (February 1, 1996), pp. 834–843.
  4. ^ The Highly Collapsed Configurations of a Stellar Mass页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), S. Chandrasekhar, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 91 (1931), 456–466.
  5. ^ The Highly Collapsed Configurations of a Stellar Mass (second paper)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), S. Chandrasekhar, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 95 (1935), pp. 207--225.
  6. ^ On Stars, Their Evolution and Their Stability页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Nobel Prize lecture, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, December 8, 1983.
  7. ^ Standards for Astronomical Catalogues, Version 2.0页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), section 3.2.2, web page, accessed 12-I-2007.
  8. ^ White dwarfs in open clusters. VIII. NGC 2516: a test for the mass-radius and initial-final mass relations页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), D. Koester and D. Reimers, Astronomy and Astrophysics 313 (1996), pp. 810–814.
  9. ^ An Empirical Initial-Final Mass Relation from Hot, Massive White Dwarfs in NGC 2168 (M35)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Kurtis A. Williams, M. Bolte, and Detlev Koester, Astrophysical Journal 615, #1 (2004), pp. L49–L52; also arXiv astro-ph/0409447页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  10. ^ How Massive Single Stars End Their Life页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), A. Heger, C. L. Fryer, S. E. Woosley, N. Langer, and D. H. Hartmann, Astrophysical Journal 591, #1 (2003), pp. 288–300.
  11. ^ The Density of White Dwarf Stars, S. Chandrasekhar, Philosophical Magazine (7th series) 11 (1931), pp. 592–596.
  12. ^ The Maximum Mass of Ideal White Dwarfs页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), S. Chandrasekhar, Astrophysical Journal 74 (1931), pp. 81–82.

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