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积 (范畴论)

范畴论中,(或直积)的概念提取了集合的笛卡儿积、群的积、环的积、拓扑空间的积等概念的共性。本质上讲,一组对象的积是到这些对象都有态射的对象中最具代表性的。

定义

给定范畴CC中一对象集{Xi | iI}的积为满足下面泛性质的偶(X, (πi)),其中X为一对象,πi : XXiiI)为一组态射:对任意对象Y及其到Xi的一组态射fi,存在唯一的态射f : YX满足,对任意iIfi = πi f。即,对任意i,下图可交换。

Universal product of the product
Universal product of the product

若该组对象仅有两个,积通常用X1×X2来表示。上图变为:

Universal product of the product
Universal product of the product

此时,此唯一态射f也常表示为<f1,f2>。

讨论

积为范畴论中的一种极限。积也即C中离散子范畴的极限。积不一定存在。但若存在,则由其定义易知其在同构的意义下唯一。

空积I为空时所得的积)即终对象

C中对任意基于I的对象集均存在积,则该积也可以看做一个从CIC函子

集合{Xi}的积通常记为∏i Xi。态射πi也称为自然投影。如下自然同构成立:

(HomC(U,V)表示C中从UV的态射集;左侧的积为范畴意义上的积、右侧的为集合的笛卡儿积)。

I为有限集,例如I = {1,...,n},则X1,...,Xn的积通常记为X1×...×Xn

C存在有限积,采用上述积函子的定义,并用1表示C终对象空积),则下列自然同构成立:

上述为构成一个交换幺半群的条件。

举例

  • Set的积为集合的笛卡儿积。
  • 由偏序构成的范畴:一组元素的积为该组元素的最大下界

参见


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积 (范畴论)
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