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碱化物

碱化物是含有碱金属元素阴离子的化合物。例如[Na(2,2,2-crypt)]+Na 中有一个的阴离子,即为碱化物。第一个碱化物出现在1970年代,[1][2][3]目前也己发现含有阴离子的碱化物。

碱化物相当特殊,因为以往认为碱金属元素在化合物中只会以阳离子的方式存在,而且碱金属元素阴离子的活性相当强,可以打破大部分的共价键。在碱化物中使用了特殊的穴醚来隔离碱金属阴离子,因此才能在室温下稳定存在。[4]

碱化物与电子盐有相似的化学性质。

“普通”的碱金属化合物

碱金属可以形成许多众所皆知的盐类。 氯化钠 (普通食盐),Na+Cl,是碱金属(如钠)的普通价态 +1 的化合物。 在这个离子化合物里,阳离子和阴离子结合在一起。稳定的 Na+ 是钠电离一个电子产生的阳离子,氧化态 +1 。它非常稳定,因为它满足八隅体规则

碱化物的种类

已知的碱化物有:[3]

  • 钠化物,Na
  • 钾化物,K
  • 铷化物,Rb
  • 铯化物,Cs

假想的碱化物:

  • "锂化物",Li
  • "钫化物",Fr

例子

通常,由于碱金属阴离子的高反应活性,碱化物是热力学不稳定的。从理论上讲,它能够破坏典型的配体中的大多数共价键,包括穴醚里的碳-氧键。引入一种特殊的含有胺而不是醚键的穴状配体,可以分离出在室温下稳定的钾化物和钠化物。[5]

一些碱化物已被合成:

  • AdzH+Na-, 为反氢化钠
  • [Na(cryptand[2.2.2])]+Na, 已被发现。这种盐同时有 Na+ 和 Na两种钠离子。穴醚分离并稳定了Na+,防止其被Na-还原。
  • 钠化叠氮穴醚化, Ba2+(H5Azacryptand[2.2.2])Na⋅2MeNH2,已成功合成。[6]
  • Na+ 和 Na-二聚体都被发现了。[6]

参考资料

  1. ^ J. L. Dye; J. M. Ceraso; Mei Lok Tak; B. L. Barnett; F. J. Tehan. Crystalline salt of the sodium anion (Na). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96 (2): 608–609. doi:10.1021/ja00809a060. 
  2. ^ F. J. Tehan; B. L. Barnett; J. L. Dye. Alkali anions. Preparation and crystal structure of a compound which contains the cryptated sodium cation and the sodium anion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96 (23): 7203–7208. doi:10.1021/ja00830a005. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 J. L. Dye. Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1979, 18 (8): 587–598. doi:10.1002/anie.197905871. 
  4. ^ Kim, J.; Ichimura, A. S.; Huang, R. H.; Redko, M.; Phillips, R. C.; Jackson, J. E. and Dye, J. L. (1999). Crystalline Salts of Na and K (Alkalides) that Are Stable at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 121:10666-10667.
  5. ^ J. Kim; A. S. Ichimura; R. H. Huang; M. Redko; R. C. Phillips; J. E. Jackson; J. L. Dye. Crystalline Salts of Na and K (Alkalides) that Are Stable at Room Temperature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121 (45): 10666–10667. doi:10.1021/ja992667v. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 M. Y. Redko; R. H. Huang; J. E. Jackson; J. F. Harrison; J. L. Dye. Barium azacryptand sodide, the first alkalide with an alkaline Earth cation, also contains a novel dimer, (Na2)2−. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125 (8): 2259–2263. PMID 12590555. doi:10.1021/ja027241m. 
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碱化物
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