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箭毒蛙

箭毒蛙
草莓箭毒蛙Dendrobates pumilio
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 两栖纲 Amphibia
目: 无尾目 Anura
亚目: 新蛙亚目 Neobatrachia
总科: 箭毒蛙总科 Dendrobatoidea
科: 箭毒蛙科 Dendrobatidae
Cope, 1865

见正文

箭毒蛙(poison dart frog)泛指箭毒蛙科(学名:Dendrobatidae),又名树棘蛙科丛蛙科,是细小及白天活动的青蛙。牠们是中美洲南美洲的原住民,而当地部族将牠们身上的毒素涂在箭上,故得此名。此科下有超过175个物种,但只有55种具有毒性,且只有3种的毒素被当地居民用以狩猎。毒素的来源是捕食当地的某种蚂蚁和虱子所吃植物转化而来,所以人工驯养会变得没有毒性,购买观赏蛙时应该避免野生捕获的剧毒个体。此科下身体最多色彩的是箭毒蛙属,而毒素最剧烈的是叶毒蛙属金色箭毒蛙

特征

大部分箭毒蛙都有耀眼的皮肤颜色,是对掠食者的一种警号。牠们非常细小,约长1-6厘米,不同物种、年龄及性别均有所不同。牠们大部分都生活在潮湿的热带环境(云雾林)。

下级分类

本科包括以下属:

  • 果毒箭蛙属 Adelphobates Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
  • 疣背毒蛙属 Ameerega Bauer, 1986
  • 安第斯毒蛙属 Andinobates Twomey, Brown, Amézquita & Mejía-Vargas, 2011
  • 彩胸毒蛙属 Colostethus Cope, 1866
  • 箭毒蛙属 Dendrobates Wagler, 1830
  • Ectopoglossus Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado & Rueda-Almonacid, 2017
    • Ectopoglossus absconditus Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado & Rueda-Almonacid, 2017
    • Ectopoglossus astralogaster (Myers, Ibáñez, Grant & Jaramillo, 2012)
    • Ectopoglossus atopoglossus (Grant, Humphrey & Myers, 1997)
    • Ectopoglossus confusus (Myers & Grant, 2009)
    • Ectopoglossus isthminus (Myers, Ibáñez, Grant & Jaramillo, 2012)
    • Ectopoglossus lacrimosus (Myers, 1991)
    • Ectopoglossus saxatilis Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado & Rueda-Almonacid, 2017
  • 地箭毒蛙属 Epipedobates Myers, 1987
  • 圆斑毒蛙属 Excidobates Twomey & Brown, 2008
  • 天蓝箭毒蛙属 Hyloxalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870
  • Leucostethus Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado & Rueda-Almonacid, 2017
    • Leucostethus argyrogaster (Morales & Schulte, 1993)
    • Leucostethus brachistriatus (Rivero & Serna, 1986)
    • Leucostethus fraterdanieli (Silverstone, 1971)
    • Leucostethus fugax (Morales & Schulte, 1993)
    • Leucostethus jota Marín-Castaño, Molina-Zuluaga & Restrepo, 2018
    • Leucostethus ramirezi (Rivero & Serna, 2000)
  • 侏毒蛙属 Minyobates Myers, 1987
  • Oophaga Bauer, 1994
  • Paruwrobates Bauer, 1994
  • 叶毒蛙属 Phyllobates Duméril & Bibron, 1841
  • 皇冠箭毒蛙属 Ranitomeya Bauer, 1986
    • Ranitomeya amazonica (Schulte, 1999)
    • Ranitomeya benedicta Brown, Twomey, Pepper & Sanchez-Rodriguez, 2008
    • Ranitomeya cyanovittata Pérez-Peña, Chávez, Twomey & Brown, 2010
    • Ranitomeya defleri Twomey & Brown, 2009
    • Ranitomeya fantastica (Boulenger, 1884)
    • Ranitomeya flavovittata (Schulte, 1999)
    • Ranitomeya imitator (Schulte, 1986)
    • Ranitomeya reticulata (Boulenger, 1884)
    • Ranitomeya sirensis (Aichinger, 1991)
    • Ranitomeya summersi Brown, Twomey, Pepper & Sanchez-Rodriguez, 2008
    • Ranitomeya toraro Brown, Caldwell, Twomey, Melo-Sampaio & Souza, 2011
    • Ranitomeya uakarii (Brown, Schulte & Summers, 2006)
    • 梵氏短指毒蛙 Ranitomeya vanzolinii (Myers, 1982)
    • Ranitomeya variabilis (Zimmermann & Zimmermann, 1988)
    • Ranitomeya ventrimaculata (Shreve, 1935)
    • Ranitomeya yavaricola Pérez-Peña, Chávez, Twomey & Brown, 2010
  • 火箭毒蛙属 Silverstoneia Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006

饲养

金色箭毒蛙

虽然缺乏科学研究,但箭毒蛙的寿命估计野生的是3-15年,而饲养的可达20年。饲养的箭毒蛙一般都是没有毒的。大部分物种在约1.5-2.5岁就会达至性成熟。

箭毒蛙可一年繁殖3、4次,一次能产下6至10颗卵,由于箭毒蛙亲代照护的行为,会将卵背在背上移动至靠近水源的栖地安置,因此大大提升了孵化的几率。

要确定箭毒蛙的性别,可以透过其行为来观察。成熟的雄蛙在吃饱或大雨后会为交配而叫喊。幼蛙的性别可以从背部来观察。雄性的背部一般都是向下斜而不起折,雌性的背部较圆但有较大的折。另外可以从牠们的脚趾来确定性别。一些雌性箭毒蛙属的脚趾较窄,而雄性的较阔。一些物种的成熟雄性在颈上会有一灰带,这正是发出交配叫喊的部位。

所有箭毒蛙都是源自热带的。大部分饲养的物种在湿度80-100%、日间温度22-27℃及晚间温度不低于16-18℃会发展得很繁盛。当中一些物种能抵受较低的温度。

颜色形态

生活于委内瑞拉圭亚那巴西黄带箭毒蛙

一些箭毒蛙物种有大量的亚种形态。不同形态有不同颜色及生活在不同的地方。例如花箭毒蛙就最少有12个形态。过往曾将不同的形态看作为不同的物种,但现时仍未有清晰箭毒蛙的分类。例如天蓝丛蛙可能是花箭毒蛙的一个形态,而非一个独立的物种。

保育现况

箭毒蛙各种的保育状况不一,像LC无危草莓箭毒蛙EN濒危金色箭毒蛙三色箭毒蛙9,CR极危红带箭毒蛙。(根据IUCN红色名录)

参考

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箭毒蛙
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