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姬蛙科

姬蛙科
化石时期:24–0 Ma
中新世早期至今[1]
东部狭口蛙英语Gastrophryne carolinensis
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 两栖纲 Amphibia
目: 无尾目 Anura
亚目: 新蛙亚目 Neobatrachia
科: 姬蛙科 Microhylidae
甘瑟,1858
亚科

星蛙亚科 Asterophryinae
短头蛙亚科 Brevicipitinae
指盘蛙亚科 Cophylinae
暴蛙亚科 Dyscophinae
颚蛙亚科 Genyophryninae
印黑蛙亚科 Melanobatrachinae
姬蛙亚科 Microhylinae
介间姬蛙亚科 Phrynomerinae
拨土蛙亚科 Scaphiophryninae

黑色部分为姬蛙科动物的分布地区Distribution of Microhylidae (in black)

姬蛙科(Microhylidae),是无尾目中地理分布最广的一个,一共有9个亚科,69个属和413种,也是所有蛙家族中属数目最多的一个科。

描述

顾名思义,姬蛙大都体型娇小。虽然有些种类的姬蛙身长会达到9厘米(3.5英寸),但多数身长少于1.5厘米(0.59英寸)。[1]有些姬蛙树栖,有些则陆栖,更有一些可以近水生活。在雨林中的乱叶下可以找到陆栖的姬蛙,它们偶然在夜晚冒险出外觅食。姬蛙通常有两种形态,一种是狭口体宽,另一种与普通青蛙形态一样匀称。那些嘴巴狭窄的通常以白蚁蚂蚁为食,另一种的食性与普通青蛙无异。短头蛙亚科的青蛙会挖地洞及寻找地下水,可在非洲不毛之地例如南非及附近国家找到。其下有些物种甚至会把它们的卵产于地下。

繁殖

新几内亚澳大利亚的姬蛙完全没有蝌蚪时期,直接从中孵化出青蛙。树栖的品种因此可以在树上产卵,无须冒险到地上产卵。某些确实有蝌蚪时期的,这些品种也没有如其他品种的尖嘴。[1].

解剖

姬蛙头颅有一对上额骨和额顶骨。在听囊处,面神经连通听觉小孔,三叉神经和面神经中枢交汇形成耳前神经中枢。姬蛙有七至八块骶骨,除了在尾骶骨前表面的为两面凹外,其他都是双平型脊椎。姬蛙胸带属固胸型,有些则有退化的锁骨和腹部气囊。末端趾骨变生硬或变尖或变成T型。蝌蚪缺乏角质化的口部并有一大通气孔。[2]

生存范围

青蛙自姬蛙起就遍及北美洲南美洲非洲、东印度斯理兰卡南非东南亚新几内亚澳大利亚的热带和暖温地区。尽管姬蛙大多分布于热带或亚热带,但仍有一些品种可在干旱地区生存。它们大多在新几内亚、南非及马达加斯加等地。

下级分类

本科包括以下属:[3]

  • Adelastes Zweifel, 1986
  • Anilany Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw & Crottini, 2016
  • 阿诺指盘蛙属 Anodonthyla Müller, 1892
  • Aphantophryne Fry, 1917
  • Arcovomer Carvalho, 1954
  • 星蛙属 Asterophrys Tschudi, 1838
  • Australobatrachus Tyler, 1976
  • 南查帕蛙属 Austrochaperina Fry, 1912
  • Barygenys Parker, 1936
  • Callulops Boulenger, 1888
  • Caluella
  • Chaperina Mocquard, 1892
  • 短锁蛙属 Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904
  • 豕蛙属 Choerophryne Van Kampen, 1914
  • 掘蛙属 Cophixalus Boettger, 1892
  • 指盘蛙属 Cophyla Boettger, 1880
  • Copiula Méhely, 1901
  • 藤诺蛙属 Ctenophryne Mocquard, 1904
  • Dasypops Miranda-Ribeiro, 1924
  • Dermatonotus Méhely, 1904
  • Dyscophus Grandidier, 1872
  • 弯锁蛙属 Elachistocleis Parker, 1927
  • 小口蛙属 Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843
  • 拟小口蛙属 Gastrophrynoides Noble, 1926
  • 小狭口蛙属 Glyphoglossus Günther, 1869
  • Hamptophryne Carvalho, 1954
  • Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
  • Hylophorbus Macleay, 1878
  • Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867
  • 细狭口蛙属 Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838
  • 狭口蛙属 Kaloula Gray, 1831
  • 马德指盘蛙属 Madecassophryne Guibé, 1974
  • 纤指蛙属 Mantophryne Boulenger, 1897
  • Melanobatrachus Beddome, 1878
  • Metaphrynella Parker, 1934
  • Microbatrachus Roux, 1910
  • 姬蛙属 Microhyla Tschudi, 1838
  • 小姬蛙属 Micryletta Dubois, 1987
  • Mini Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini et al., 2019
  • Myersiella Carvalho, 1954
  • Mysticellus Garg & Biju, 2019
  • Nanohyla Poyarkov, Gorin & Scherz, 2021
  • Oninia Günther, Stelbrink & von Rintelen, 2010
  • 岳蛙属 Oreophryne Boettger, 1895
  • Otophryne Boulenger, 1900
  • 童蛙属 Paedophryne Kraus, 2010
  • Paradoxophyla Blommers-Schlösser & Blanc, 1991
    • Paradoxophyla palmata (Guibé, 1974)
    • Paradoxophyla tiarano Andreone, Aprea, Odierna & Vences, 2006[4]
  • Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
  • Phrynella Boulenger, 1887
  • 介间姬蛙属 Phrynomantis Peters, 1867
  • 普梭指盘蛙属 Plethodontohyla Boulenger, 1882
  • 日博指盘蛙属 Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880
  • 拨土蛙属 Scaphiophryne Boulenger, 1882
  • 暹罗蛙属 Siamophryne Suwannapoom, Sumontha, Tunprasert, Ruangsuwan, Pawangkhanant, Korost & Poyarkov, 2018
  • Sphenophryne Peters & Doria, 1878
  • 斯特蛙属 Stereocyclops Cope, 1870
  • 横沟舌蛙属 Stumpffia Boettger, 1881
  • 赛那蛙属 Synapturanus Carvalho, 1954
  • 气球蛙属 Uperodon Duméril & Bibron, 1841
  • 气球蛙属 Uperodon Garg, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Phuge, Deuti, Manamendra-Arachchi, Meegaskumbura & Biju, 2018
  • 越南姬蛙属 Vietnamophryne Poyarkov, Suwannapoom, Pawangkhanant, Aksornneam, Duong, Korost & Che, 2018[5]
  • Xenorhina Peters, 1863
    • Xenorhina adisca Kraus & Allison, 2003
    • Xenorhina anorbis (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina arboricola Allison & Kraus, 2000
    • Xenorhina arfakiana (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina arndti Günther, 2010
    • Xenorhina bidens Van Kampen, 1909
    • Xenorhina bouwensi (De Witte, 1930)
    • Xenorhina brachyrhyncha Kraus, 2011
    • Xenorhina eiponis Blum & Menzies, 1989
    • Xenorhina fuscigula (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina gigantea Van Kampen, 1915
    • Xenorhina huon (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina lacrimosa Günther & Richards, 2021
    • Xenorhina lanthanites (Günther & Knop, 2006)
    • Xenorhina macrodisca Günther & Richards, 2005
    • Xenorhina macrops Van Kampen, 1913
    • Xenorhina mehelyi (Boulenger, 1898)
    • Xenorhina minima (Parker, 1934)
    • Xenorhina multisica (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina obesa (Zweifel, 1960)
    • Xenorhina ocellata Van Kampen, 1913
    • Xenorhina ophiodon (Peters & Doria, 1878)
    • Xenorhina oxycephala (Schlegel, 1858)
    • Xenorhina parkerorum Zweifel, 1972
    • Xenorhina perexigua Günther & Richards, 2021
    • Xenorhina pohleorum Günther & Richards, 2021
    • Xenorhina rostrata (Méhely, 1898)
    • Xenorhina scheepstrai (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina schiefenhoeveli (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina similis (Zweifel, 1956)
    • Xenorhina subcrocea (Menzies & Tyler, 1977)
    • Xenorhina thiekeorum Günther & Richards, 2021
    • Xenorhina tillacki Günther, Richards & Dahl, 2014
    • Xenorhina tumulus (Blum & Menzies, 1989)
    • Xenorhina varia Günther & Richards, 2005
    • Xenorhina ventrimaculata Günther, Dahl & Richards, 2021[6]
    • Xenorhina wiegankorum Günther & Richards, 2021
    • Xenorhina woxvoldi Günther & Richards, 2021
    • Xenorhina zweifeli (Kraus & Allison, 2002)

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zweifel, Robert G. Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. , 编. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. 1998: 102–103. ISBN 0-12-178560-2. 
  2. ^ Zug et al.
  3. ^ Microhylidae. GBIF. [2023-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-25). 
  4. ^ Andreone, F., Aprea, G., Odierna, G., & Vences, M. 2006. A New Narrow-mouthed Frog of the Genus Paradoxophyla (Microhylidae: Scaphiophryninae) from Masoala rainforest, northeastern Madagascar. Acta Herpetologica. 1: 15-27.
  5. ^ 吴东益,刘小龙,刘春雨,史兴惠,杨泽鹏,施德山,袁智勇.云南省两栖类新属纪录——越南姬蛙属[J].西南林业大学学报:自然科学,2022,42(4):155-160
  6. ^ Rainer Günther, Chris Dahl and Stephen J. Richards. 2021. Description of A New Xenorhina species (Anura, Microhylidae) from northwestern Papua New Guinea. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 621-630. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66954

参考文献

  • Cogger, H.G.; R.G. Zweifel, and D. Kirschner. Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians Second Edition. Fog City Press. 2004. ISBN 1-877019-69-0. 
  • Zug, George R.; Laurie J. Vitt and J.P. Caldwell. Herpetology:An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles 2nd Edition. Academic Press. 2001. ISBN 0-12-782622-X. 

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姬蛙科
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