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欧洲食蚁兽属

欧洲食蚁兽属
化石时期:47.8–46.3 Ma
始新世中期
欧洲食蚁兽的化石
欧洲食蚁兽的复原图
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 鳞甲目 Pholidota
科: 欧洲食蚁兽科 Eurotamanduidae
Szalay & Schrenk, 1994
属: 欧洲食蚁兽属 Eurotamandua
Storch, 1981
模式种
欧洲食蚁兽 Eurotamandua joresi
Storch, 1981

欧洲食蚁兽属学名Eurotamandua)是一支史前鳞甲目动物,现仅发现了欧洲食蚁兽E. joresi)一种,化石产自德国西南的梅塞尔坑,生存年代约为4700万年前的始新世中期,推测其食物为蚂蚁白蚁[1]

欧洲食蚁兽体长约90厘米,几乎拥有食蚁哺乳动物的全部特征,如弯曲的长爪、细长的鼻吻部等,很可能还有和典型食蚁动物同样充满粘液的长舌,但缺少穿山甲所具有的带毛鳞片,因此最初与20世纪以前发现的许多食蚁哺乳动物一样,被错误地归类为食蚁兽。其学名“Eurotamandua”意即“欧洲的小食蚁兽”,表明牠和现代树栖的小食蚁兽属Tamandua)十分相似,特别是牠们都有可以卷曲的长尾,不过这可能只是表面上的相似。由于欧洲食蚁兽不具备异关节总目(食蚁兽所属类群)的独特关节,故现行分类将其划入穿山甲类干群(与现生穿山甲最亲近的史前动物类群),比古乏齿兽目(Palaeanodonta)和欧洲穿山甲Euromanis)更接近穿山甲类冠群(以现生穿山甲为代表的分支),但比始穿山甲Eomanis)和死灵穿山甲(Necromanis)更为基底[2]

因始新世之前的哺乳动物分类仍然存在颇多争议,所以不排除欧洲食蚁兽是一支原始的异关节总目动物的可能,然而这种可能性微乎其微。就现有的化石证据而言,从6600万年前新生代开始直到300万年前巴拿马地峡形成期间,异关节总目仅见于南美洲,随后牠们经由巴拿马地峡扩散至北美洲,但从未进入旧大陆。关于欧洲食蚁兽的归属还有一种可能,即牠们来自另一类史前哺乳动物——非洲管齿兽目(Afredentata),该目可能隶属于非洲兽总目[3],但也被认为是鳞甲目的异名

系统发生

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欧洲食蚁兽属在鳞甲目中的系统发生位置如下:[2][4]

鳞甲形类

 †古乏齿兽目 Palaeanodonta

鳞甲目

 †欧洲穿山甲属 Euromanis

 ? 

 未定种 †Pholidota sp. (BC 16' 08)

 真鳞甲亚目 Eupholidota

欧洲食蚁兽科
欧洲食蚁兽属

 †欧洲食蚁兽 E. joresi

 Eurotamandua 
 Eurotamanduidae 
 Pholidota 
 Pholidotamorpha 

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Palmer, D (编). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 209. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Gaudin, Timothy. The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution英语Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2009, 16 (4): 235–305 [2022-01-03]. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-25). 
  3. ^ Hunter, John P.; Janis, Christine M. Spiny Norman in the Garden of Eden? Dispersal and early biogeography of Placentalia. Journal of Mammalian Evolution英语Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2006, 13 (2): 89–123. doi:10.1007/s10914-006-9006-6. 
  4. ^ Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2012, 32 (5): 983–1001. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. 

外部链接

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欧洲食蚁兽属
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