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杂多酸

杂多酸(英语:Heteropolymetalate)是一种有特定金属非金属组成的含氧酸,如磷钼酸。杂多酸是由多酸再加上其它含氧酸多面体,形成的复杂结构。杂多酸常在化学反应中作为可重复使用的酸触媒

杂多酸必须要有如等金属元素,即增补原子(addenda atom),还要为含氧酸,同时需要有周期表p区元素化学元素,例如或是,即杂原子(hetero atom),最后还要有酸性离子。

增补的金属原子和氧原子键结,成为簇合物,而杂原子也和氧原子键结。杂多酸形成的盐类称为杂多酸盐

分类及结构

由于可能有不同的增补原子和杂原子结合,因此有许多不同的杂多酸。知名度较高的二种分别是Keggin结构HnXM12O40及Dawson结构HnX2M18O62

磷鵭酸离子的结构 Dawson离子
Keggin结构,XM12O40n− Dawson结构,X2M18O62n−

以下是一些杂多酸的例子:

  • H4Xn+M12O40,X = Si, Ge; M = Mo, W
  • H3Xn+M12O40,X = P, As; M = Mo, W
  • H6X2M18O62,X=P, As; M = Mo, W

催化剂的应用

杂多酸常作为匀相催化多相催化的催化剂[1]。尤其是Keggin结构英语Keggin structure的杂多酸,有良好的热稳定性,且是强酸及强氧化剂。以下是一些催化剂的例子[2]

  • 匀相酸催化剂
  • 多匀相酸催化剂
  • 匀相氧化
    • 环己烯过氧化氢氧化,形成己二酸,催化剂为有多种增补原子的H3PMo6V6O40
    • 酮类被氧氧化,形成羧酸及醛类,催化剂为有多种增补原子的H5PMo10V2O40

杂多酸常用在化学分析及生物组织学研究中,也是许多化学试剂的成分,像Folin-Ciocalteu试剂英语Folin-Ciocalteu reagentLowry蛋白质检测英语Lowry protein assay中用的folins苯酚试剂,以及EPTA(磷钨酸的乙醇溶液)。

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ Kozhevnikov, I. V. Catalysis by heteropoly acids and multicomponent polyoxometalates in liquid-phase reactions. Chemical Reviews. 1998, 98 (1): 171–198. PMID 11851502. doi:10.1021/cr960400y. 
  2. ^ "Oxide catalysts in solid state chemistry" T Okuhara, M Misono Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Editor R Bruce King (1994) John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0-471-93620-0
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杂多酸
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