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会厌炎

会厌炎
Epiglottitis
同义词急性上喉炎
Acute supraglottitis
颈部X-ray发现有拇指征英语thumbprint sign
症状吞咽困难、流口水、声音改变、发烧、呼吸加快、喘鸣[1][2]
起病年龄快速[1][2]
病因流感嗜血杆菌、会厌灼伤或是创伤[1]
诊断方法医学影像、检视会厌[3][1]
预防流感嗜血杆菌疫苗利福平[4][5]
治疗气管插管、注射抗生素、皮质类固醇[1][2][4]
预后约有4%会死亡[3]
患病率每年十万分之二[1][6]
分类和外部资源
医学专科胸腔医学
ICD-9-CM464.3
DiseasesDB4360
MedlinePlus000605
eMedicine801369、​963773、​763612
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会厌炎(Epiglottitis)是会厌部位(舌根部上方的软骨,可避免食物进入气管)的发炎[7]。症状一般会出现的很快,症状包括吞咽困难,也会造成流口水、声音改变、发烧以及呼吸加快等症状[1][2],因为会厌在上呼吸道,因此吞咽问题也会影响呼吸[7],人们可能会让上半身往前倾,以三脚架姿态英语Tripod position让呼吸道打开[1]。当症状恶化时,会有喘鸣发绀的情形[1]

以往最常见的会厌炎病因是由于流感嗜血杆菌的感染[1],不过在有相关疫苗后,会厌炎大部分是由其他细菌感染所造成[1]。其他可能病因包括会厌部位的灼伤以及创伤[1]。最准确的诊断方式是直接检视会厌部位[3]。若有会厌炎,颈部X光可能会看到拇指征英语thumbprint sign,但也有可能在会厌炎的情形下,没有出现拇指征[1]

流感嗜血杆菌疫苗可以有效的预防会厌炎,自1980年代开始就已开始采用[4]。若是已暴露在致病菌中的高危险群,也可以用抗生素利福平来预防[5]。治疗最重要的部分是保护呼吸道,一般会透过气管插管来进行[1]。也可能会预射抗生素,例如头孢曲松,也可能会用万古霉素或是克林霉素[2][4]。一般也会使用皮质类固醇[1]。若有适当的治疗,患病儿童的死亡率约1%,成人约7%[3]

在使用流感嗜血杆菌疫苗来预防之后,会厌炎的病例下降了95%[8],以往是婴幼儿最容易感染,现在是年龄较大的儿童及成人较容易罹患[4]。在美国每十万名儿童中,一年约有1.3个儿童会罹患会厌炎[1],成人则是每十万人中会有1至4人罹患[6]。会厌炎在发展中国家比较常见[9]。儿童患病的死亡率约为6%,不过若有插管,可以降到1%以下[10]

参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Richards, AM. Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies.. Emergency medicine clinics of North America. February 2016, 34 (1): 77–96. PMID 26614243. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2015.08.006. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Zoorob, R; Sidani, MA; Fremont, RD; Kihlberg, C. Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections.. American Family Physician. 1 November 2012, 86 (9): 817–22. PMID 23113461. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Westerhuis, B; Bietz, MG; Lindemann, J. Acute epiglottitis in adults: an under-recognized and life-threatening condition.. South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association. August 2013, 66 (8): 309–11, 313. PMID 24175495. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Schlossberg, David. Clinical infectious disease Second. 2015: 202. ISBN 9781107038912. (原始内容存档于2016-08-16). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Blacklow, Neil R. Infectious diseases 3rd. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004: 461. ISBN 9780781733717. (原始内容存档于2016-08-16). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine 4. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 291 [15 July 2016]. ISBN 9780702054389. (原始内容存档于15 August 2016). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Hamborsky, j. Haemophilus influenzae type b. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases 13. Public Health Foundation. 2015: Chapter 8 [14 July 2016]. ISBN 9780990449119. (原始内容存档于20 July 2016). 
  8. ^ Des Jardins, Terry. Clinical Manifestations & Assessment of Respiratory Disease 7. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 529. ISBN 9780323358972. (原始内容存档于2016-08-15). 
  9. ^ Boons, Geert-Jan. Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies.. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2009: 1222. ISBN 9780470473276. (原始内容存档于2016-08-15). 
  10. ^ Infectious Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004: 461. ISBN 9780781733717. (原始内容存档于2017-02-06). 

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会厌炎
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