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抽动

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Tic
类型医学征象[*]
病因抽动障碍
分类和外部资源
医学专科精神医学神经内科
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

抽动(英语:tic,tics)是一种突发、重复的不随意运动(motor movement)或发声(vocalization),其无节律性且涉及某范围独立的肌肉群[1][2][3]。抽动通常快速且短暂,且可能类似于正常的行为特征或手势[4]

抽动对观察者来说可能无法察觉,比如腹部紧张或脚趾嘎吱作响。眨眼和清嗓,分别是常见的运动性抽动和语音抽动[5]

抽动必须与舞蹈症肌张力障碍肌阵挛等疾病的不随意动作区别;以及与强迫症的强迫行为和癫痫发作活动[6]刻板运动障碍英语Stereotypic movement disorder[7]自闭症表现出的动作(即自我刺激,stimming)作鉴别[8][9][10]

抽动分类

医学术语“抽动”大多分为运动性抽动发声性抽动[11]。前者是头面部、颈、肩、躯干、四肢肌肉不自主、突发、快速收缩运动;后者是口鼻、咽喉及呼吸肌群的收缩,其造成的气流而发声。然而,有时二者不易分清,甚至有感觉性抽动(sensory tics),即在前二者发作之前有身体局部不适感,或被认为是先兆症状(前驱症状)。

症状分类

运动型抽动

运动型抽动有时候又叫作动作型抽动,可以分成简单与复杂两种。

简单运动型抽动

常见的例子像是:眨眼睛、扭动鼻子,咬嘴唇、将脖子用力后仰等等。包括但不限于快速的抽动身体的某一部位等。[12]

复杂运动型抽动

持续较久的动作组合,与强迫症有所关联。例如:四处碰物体或他人、上下或左右转动眼珠、或强迫自己用特定节奏完成某项身体动作等。关于写字的抽动则包括:重复写某个字、写字时一再放下中断再来、撕课本或纸。此外,还可能做出猥亵不雅的动作或模仿别人的动作等。复杂动作型的抽动可能会影响学校课业表现,患者可能上课时一直瞪着簿子发呆,或一直写同一个字。

声音型抽动

声音型抽动亦可分成简单与复杂型。

简单声音型抽动

快速的发出没有意义的声响或噪音。例如:清喉咙、咳嗽声、吹口哨、咯咯声、尖叫声、像叫的声音、像呼噜的声音或吸吮声等。

复杂声语型抽动

突然的、短暂的发出一些较有意义的词汇,可能是一个音节或惯用语,会突然改变自己说话的音调、音量、速度、节奏、重复自己说过或别人刚才说过的话(模仿言语)。此外,患者也有可能会不由自主地口出秽言(秽语症)。

参考资料

  1. ^ Szejko N, Robinson S, Hartmann A, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. October 2021, 31 (3): 383–402. PMC 8521086可免费查阅. PMID 34661764. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01842-2. 
  2. ^ Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA, Scahill L. Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Adv Neurol. 2006, 99: 1–16. PMID 16536348. 
  3. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000). DSM-IV-TR: Tourette's Disorder.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR), ISBN 0-89042-025-4. Available at BehaveNet.com Retrieved on August 10, 2009.
  4. ^ Jankovic, Joseph; Lang, Anthony E. 24. Diagnosis and assessment of Parkinson Disease and other movement disorders; Tics. Jankovic, Joseph; Mazziotta, John C.; Pomeroy, Scott L. (编). Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. I. Principles of diagnosis 8th. Edinburgh: Elsevier. 2022: 325–326 [2023-12-06]. ISBN 978-0-323-64261-3. (原始内容存档于2023-07-02) (英语). 
  5. ^ Malone DA Jr, Pandya MM. Behavioral neurosurgery. Adv Neurol. 2006, 99: 241–47. PMID 16536372. 
  6. ^ Mineka S, Watson D, Clark LA. Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology. 1998, 49: 377–412 [2023-12-06]. PMID 9496627. S2CID 14546782. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377. (原始内容存档于2023-07-02). 
  7. ^ 存档副本. [2023-12-06]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-07). 
  8. ^ Singer HS. Motor stereotypies (PDF). Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009, 16 (2): 77–81 [2020-06-23]. PMID 19501335. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2009.03.008. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-05-13). 
  9. ^ Nind M, Kellett M. Responding to individuals with severe learning difficulties and stereotyped behaviour: challenges for an inclusive era. Eur J Spec Needs Educ. 2002, 17 (3): 265–82. S2CID 142836660. doi:10.1080/08856250210162167. 
  10. ^ Muthugovindan D, Singer H. Motor stereotypy disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2009, 22 (2): 131–6. PMID 19532036. S2CID 23006424. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328326f6c8可免费查阅. 
  11. ^ 中华医学会儿科学分会神经学组. 儿童抽动障碍诊断与治疗专家共识(2017实用版)[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志,2017,32(15):1137-1140. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2017.15.005
  12. ^ 卫生福利部国民健康署. Tourette Syndrome;TS. 卫生福利部国民健康署. [2016-03-14]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-14). 

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