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尚食

尚食中国朝鲜越南古代官名,负责供奉君主之膳食。

历史

中国

尚食最早见于秦代秦朝官制设六尚,包括尚衣、尚食、尚冠、尚席、尚浴、尚书,由于资料不足,未能确定当是尚食是由男性还是女性担任。西汉承袭秦制六尚,亦有尚食一职。东汉并入太官署。

此后北魏虽然于门下省设置官署尚食局,掌管皇帝膳食却没有设尚食一职。隋朝开皇初年,尚食局仍属门下省,设尚食官职,定员二人,,后来隋文帝于内廷置六尚,包括尚宫局、尚仪局、尚服局、尚食局、尚寝局、尚工局,由女官任职,各设长官三人,从九品,尚食为尚食局长官,负责在皇帝用膳前先尝试食物是否有问题,下辖司医三人。隋炀帝时大加扩充,设女官六局二十四司,六尚名称沿袭文帝制度,后来炀帝改制,将外廷门下省所辖的殿内局扩建为殿内省,下辖六局,六局改制为尚食局、尚药局、尚衣局、尚舍局、尚乘局、尚辇局,尚食局设尚食二人,为从五品,下辖司膳、司酝、司药、司饎。

唐代改殿内省为殿中省,仍设女官六局,为尚宫局、尚仪局、尚服局、尚食局、尚寝局、尚功局,仍以尚食为尚食局长官,定员二人正五品,下有司膳、司酝、司药、司饎。景龙四年有一位尚食高氏获封蓨国夫人[1]

仍设六局,仍有尚食一职,宋高宗时期的尚食刘氏本是高宗登基前在藩邸的厨师,精于烹饪,深得高宗欢心,人称“尚食刘娘子”。金、元尚食局属宣徽院

明代初年依元制于宣徽院下设尚食局,以尚食为长官,定员二人,正五品,掌管膳馐品齐之数,每次向皇帝进御膳,都要由尚食先尝试。

朝鲜

高丽时期设有女官,高丽显宗时有尚宫尚寝尚食、尚针之职。朝鲜王朝的尚食为从五品女官。

越南

阮朝明命帝设六尚司,包括尚仪、尚珍、尚器、尚服、尚食、尚衣。后来绍治帝改六尚司为六尚院,尚食被废除。

参考文献

  1. ^ 〈请改定乳母封号奏〉曾提及:“景龙四年,封尚食高氏为蓨国夫人。封爵之失,始自于此。”
  • 新唐书·百官二·宫官·尚寝局》
  • 隋书·后妃传序》
  • 金史·百官三·宫人女官》
  • 明史·职官三·女官》

参见

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尚食
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