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司狱.
司狱是中国明、清两代之司狱司最高长官。
明初全国府州县各地皆设有监狱,府级以上行政单位,设有司狱司来管理狱政事务。司狱官品迭有变更,不过一般来说,在中央京城负责留守节镇的司狱,如:刑部司狱、按察使司狱等等为正八品职。而地方行政单位之知府司狱、同知司狱等则为正九品职。明代司狱只设在府级以上,至于州、县等行政单位,不设专职管理监狱的职官,由各地知县、佐贰官等兼管官员。明代中叶以来,狱政开始腐败,直至明亡。[1]
清朝狱政基本上沿用明制。雍正、乾隆两朝,朝廷不断增修条例,使得狱政制度渐趋稳定。省内的审级由原来的五至七级减为只有县、府、省三级。司狱的属吏配有司吏一人,公使二人,杂役兵勇数名。这些人员负责了中央或地方的狱政。清人案件审理的效率较明朝提升,而人犯滞狱的情况亦较明朝减轻。但是清代各省按察衙门及中央刑部对各县案件是鞭长莫及,导致晚清知县有机会随意判案。清代狱政仍是积弊极深,囚犯瘐毙狱中的情况时有所闻。
注释
- ^ 《明史·刑法志二》:“狱吏苛刻,犯无轻重,概加幽禁,案无新故,动引岁时。意喻色授之间,论奏未成,囚骨以糜。又况偏州下邑,督察不及,奸吏悍卒倚狱为市,或扼其饮食以困之,或徙之秽溷以苦之,备诸痛楚,十不一生。”
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