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天龙座矮星系

天龙座矮星系
HST拍摄的天龙座矮星系中心部分。
观测资料(J2000 历元
星座天龙座
赤经17h 20m 12.4s[1]
赤纬+57° 54′ 55″[1]
红移-292 ± 21 km/s[1]
距离260 ± 30 kly (80 ± 10 kpc)[2][3]
视星等 (V)10.9[1]
特征
类型E pec[1]
角直径 (V)35′.5 × 24′.5[1]
其他已知有高浓度暗物质的天体
其他名称
天龙座矮椭球星系[1] Draco dSph,[4]、UGC 10822,[1]、 PGC 60095,[1] DDO 208,[1]
参见:星系星系列表

天龙座矮星系是一个椭球星系。它是罗威尔天文台艾伯特·乔治·威尔逊于1954年在国家地理学会POSS英语Palomar Observatory Sky Survey专案的摄影底片上发现的[5]。它是本星系群的成员之一,并且是银河系卫星星系。天龙座矮星系位于天龙座的方向上,在银河平面上方34.6°之处[6]

特色

Paul W. Hodge英语Paul W. Hodge在1964年分析了它的恒星分布状态,并得出其扁率为0.29 ± 0.04的结论[6]。 最近的研究表明,这个星系可能拥有大量的暗物质[7]。它的绝对星等是-8.6[c],总光度是只有2×105 L,是银河系最黯淡的伙伴之一[4]

天龙座矮星系包含许多红巨星分支(RGB)的恒星;有5颗碳星在这个矮星系中被确认,并且可能有4颗渐近巨星分支(AGB)星被发现[4]

估计天龙座矮星与地球的距离是80,000 ± 10,000秒差距[2][3],两轴的跨距是 830 ± 100 和570 ± 70秒差距 [d]

天琴座RR型变星

在1961年,沃尔特·巴德Henrietta H. Swope英语Henrietta H. Swope研究天龙座矮星系,发现260颗变星,其中138颗位于星团的中心,并且有5颗被确认为天琴座RR型变星[8]。从天琴座RR变星导出的距离模数是19.55[a],此一发现意味着距离是81,000秒差距[b]

金属量

天龙座矮星系的主要组成是老年星族的恒星和微不足道的星际物质(基本上是无尘)[4]。来自75% 至90%的恒星形成的年龄超过100亿年,其次是在20至30亿年的小爆发形成,比率较低的恒星[9]。它有一个单一的高斯分布Fe/H1.74dex 和0.24dex的标准差(sigma/σ),并且有一个富含金属恒星的小尾巴[4]。天龙座矮星系的中心区域有着更多富含金属的恒星,在红水平分支的恒星比蓝水平分支得更为集中在中央[4]

暗物质

最近,矮椭球星系已经成为研究暗物质的主要物件。天龙座矮星系是特别受到关注的一个。 径向速度的计算揭示计算天龙座矮星系有很大的内部速度色散,给出高达440 M/L的质量亮度比,暗示有大量的暗物质。据推测,大速度色散可以解释为"潮汐矮星"(来自矮星系,几乎未受约束的恒星溪流,破坏了银河系的位能)。然而,天龙座矮星系狭窄的水平分支不支援此模型[10]。剩余的解释就只有暗物质了,使得天龙座矮星系在2007年成为已知受到大量暗物质主导的天体[4]。在天龙座矮星系的暗物质分布至少已经接近等温 [7]

在大半径、径向速度色散表现出奇快的行为。一个可能的解释,这将存在一种以上的恒星族群分布。这建议需要进一步的研究天龙座矮星系的金属量、年龄和矮椭球星系的一般性质[4]

注解

  1. ^ Assuming an absolute magnitude of +0.5 V for RR Lyrae the apparent modulus of the Draco Dwarf is 19.58 m - M.[6] Using a reddening value towards Draco Dwarf of 0.03 ± 0.01[4] we get a true distance modulus of 19.55.
  2. ^ Using the distance modulus formula of 1×10(0.2 * 19.55 + 1) we get an RR Lyrae estimated distance of 81 kpc.
  3. ^ Apparent Magnitude of 10.9[1] - distance modulus of 19.52 (80 kpc) = −8.6
  4. ^ distance 80 ± 10 kpc × tan( diameter_angle = 35′.5 × 24′.5[1] ) = 830 ± 100 × 570 ± 70 pc diameter

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Results for Draco Dwarf. [2008-04-08]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-07). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 I. D. Karachentsev; V. E. Karachentseva; W. K. Hutchmeier; D. I. Makarov, A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies, Astronomical Journal, 2004, 127 (4): 2031–2068, Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K, doi:10.1086/382905. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G., Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field, Astrophysics, 2006, 49 (1): 3–18, Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K, doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Faria, D.; Feltzing, S.; Lundström, I.; Gilmore, G.; Wahlgren, G. M.; Ardeberg, A.; Linde, P., The usage of Strömgren photometry in studies of local group dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Application to Draco: a new catalogue of Draco members and a study of the metallicity distribution function and radial gradients, Astronomy and Astrophysics, April 2, 2007, 465 (2): 357–373, Bibcode:2007A&A...465..357F, arXiv:astro-ph/0611883可免费查阅, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065244 
  5. ^ Wilson, Albert George, Sculptor-Type Systems in the Local Group of Galaxies, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, February 1955, 67 (394): 27–29, Bibcode:1955PASP...67...27W, doi:10.1086/126754 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hodge, Paul W., Distribution of stars in the Draco dwarf galaxy, The Astronomical Journal, December 1964, 69: 853, Bibcode:1964AJ.....69..853H, doi:10.1086/109360 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Tyler, Craig, Particle dark matter constraints from the Draco dwarf galaxy, Physical Review D, July 2002, 66 (2): 023509, Bibcode:2002PhRvD..66b3509T, arXiv:astro-ph/0203242可免费查阅, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.66.023509 
  8. ^ Baade, Walter; Swope, Henrietta H., The Draco system, a dwarf galaxy, The Astronomical Journal, September 1961, 66: 300–347, Bibcode:1961AJ.....66..300B, doi:10.1086/108431 
  9. ^ Aparicio, Antonio; Carrera, Ricardo; Martínez-Delgado, David, The Star Formation History and Morphological Evolution of the Draco Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, The Astronomical Journal, November 2001, 122 (5): 2524–2537, Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2524A, arXiv:astro-ph/0108159可免费查阅, doi:10.1086/323535 
  10. ^ Mashchenko, Sergey; Sills, Alison; Couchman, H. M., Constraining Global Properties of the Draco Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, The Astrophysical Journal, March 2006, 640 (1): 252–269, Bibcode:2006ApJ...640..252M, arXiv:astro-ph/0511567可免费查阅, doi:10.1086/499940 

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天龙座矮星系
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