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呼气虫属

纽氏呼气虫
化石时期:[1]普里道利世至洛赫科夫阶
纽氏呼气虫的正模标本
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门: 多足亚门 Myriapoda
纲: 倍足纲 Diplopoda
属: 呼气虫属 Pneumodesmus
种:
纽氏呼气虫 P. newmani
二名法
Pneumodesmus newmani
Wilson & Anderson, 2004 [2]

呼气虫属学名Pneumodesmus)是一类已灭绝的马陆,其下只有纽氏呼气虫Pneumodesmus newmani)一个种,生存于志留纪末期[2][3],是最早的多足类物种之一,也是已知最早的陆生动物之一[4]。其样本于2004年在苏格兰亚伯丁郡斯通黑文发现[3]

发现

纽氏呼气虫的重建想像图

巴士司机、业余古生物学家迈克纽曼(Mike Newman)在亚伯丁郡斯通黑文附近、科维的一处沙滩的砂岩[5],发现了单一、约长1公分的呼气虫化石断片。该化石随后为纪念纽曼而被命名为纽氏呼气虫(Pneumodesmus newmani)。其正模标本位于爱丁堡苏格兰国家博物馆[6]

重要性

呼气虫的重要性来自其表皮有些被认为是气门的构造,这种气体交换系统只能在陆地上发挥功能,使的呼气虫成为已知最早具有气管系统的节肢动物,也是已知最早的在陆上生活、呼吸氧气的动物[4][7]

多足类遗迹化石最早可追溯至奥陶纪晚期,但纽氏呼气虫是最早的实体化石之一,其年代约为4亿2800万年前,即志留纪温洛克期英语Wenlock (Silurian)勒德洛期英语Ludlow Group。最早的蜈蚣出现在1000万年后[7],而最早的陆上脊椎动物提塔利克鱼则要再过5000万年才出现[8]。志留纪时,现今苏格兰的陆块是劳伦大陆的一部分,位于南半球的热带地区,与现在苏格兰的气候不同[9]

参考来源

  1. ^ Stephanie E. Suarez; Michael E. Brookfield; Elizabeth J. Catlos; Daniel F. Stöckli. A U-Pb zircon age constraint on the oldest-recorded air-breathing land animal. PLoS ONE. 2017, 12 (6): e0179262. PMC 5489152可免费查阅. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179262. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Heather M. Wilson & Lyall I. Anderson. Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland. Journal of Paleontology. 2004, 78 (1): 169–184 [2013-07-27]. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0169:MATOPM>2.0.CO;2. (原始内容存档于2011-09-29). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Fossil find 'oldest land animal'. BBC News. January 25, 2004 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-22). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Fossil millipede found to be oldest land creature. CNN (from Reuters). January 27, 2004 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-23). 
  5. ^ Pneumodesmus newmani Exhibition. Stonehaven Guide. [May 6, 2007]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-17). 
  6. ^ Paul Selden & Helen Read. The oldest land animals: Silurian millipedes from Scotland (PDF). Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group. 2008, 23: 36–37 [2018-11-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-07-05). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Rowland Shelley & Paul Marek. Millipede Fossils. East Carolina University. March 1, 2005 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-27). 
  8. ^ David Winter. When animals first conquered the land. April 9, 2006 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-24). 
  9. ^ Cowie. BBC Scotland. [May 6, 2007]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-08). 
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呼气虫属
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