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公理化集合论

数学中,公理化集合论集合论透过建立一阶逻辑的严谨重整,以解决朴素集合论中出现的悖论。集合论的基础主要由德国数学家格奥尔格·康托尔在19世纪末建立。

严谨集合论的源起

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集合论的公理

集合论中其中一套由Skolem最后整理的公理系统,称为Zermelo-Fraenkel集合论(ZF)。实际上,这个名称通常不包括历史上远比今天具争议性的选择公理,当包括了选择公理,这套系统被称为ZFC。

  1. 外延公理:(Axiom of extensionality)两个集合相同,当且仅当它们拥有相同的元素
  2. 分类公理:(Axiom schema of specification / axiom schema of separation / axiom schema of restricted comprehension)或称子集公理,给出任何集合及命题P(x),存在着一个原来集合的子集包含而且只包含使P(x)成立的元素。
  3. 配对公理:(Axiom of pairing)假如x, y为集合,那就有另一个集合{x,y}包含xy作为它的仅有元素。
  4. 并集公理:(Axiom of union)每一个集合也有一个并集。也就是说,对于每一个集合x,也总存在着另一个集合y,而y的元素也就是而且只会是x的元素的元素。
  5. 空集公理:存在着一个不包含任何元素的集合,我们记这个空集合为{ }。可由分类公理得出。
  6. 无穷公理:(Axiom of infinity)存在着一个集合x空集{ }为其元素之一,且对于任何x中的元素yy ∪ {y}也是x的元素。
  7. 替代公理:(Axiom schema of replacement)
  8. 幂集公理:(Axiom of power set)每一个集合也有其幂集。那就是,对于任何的x,存在着一个集合y,使y的元素是而且只会是x的子集。
  9. 正规公理:(Axiom of regularity / Axiom of foundation)每一个非空集合x,总包含着一元素y,使xy不交集
  10. 选择公理:(Axiom of choice,Zermelo's version)给出一个集合x,其元素皆为互不相交的非空集,那总存在着一个集合yx的一个选择集合),包含x每一个元素的仅仅一个元素。

命题在ZFC中的独立性

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引用

  • Keith Devlin, 1992. The Joy of Sets, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag.
  • Potter, Michael, 2004. Set Theory and Its Philosophy. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-927041-4.
  • Suppes, Patrick, 1972. Axiomatic Set Theory. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-61630-4.
  • Tourlakis, George, 2003. Lectures in Logic and Set Theory, Vol. 2. Cambridge Univ. Press.

参见

外部链接

For information on the history of set theory notation, see:

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公理化集合论
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