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信心

信心(英语:Confidence,源自拉丁语“fidere”,意指“信任”)是一种心理状态,无论是假设或预测是正确的,还是选择的行动方案是最好的或最有效的。 因此,自信就是对自己的信任。傲慢或自大是一种自信状态—相信某事或某人有能力或正确,而实际上他们没有能力。过度自信或狂妄是过度相信某人(或某事)会成功,而不考虑失败。自信可以是一种自我实现的预言

自信的概念通常用作对个人判断、能力、权力等方面的信心。一个人的自信心从成功完成特定活动的经验中增加。[1] 一种积极的[2]信念是,在未来,人们通常可以完成自己想做的事情。自信与自尊不同,自尊是对自己价值的评估,而自信更具体地说是对自己实现某个目标的能力的信任;一项荟萃分析表明,这类似于对自我效能的概括。[3] 亚伯拉罕·马斯洛 (Abraham Maslow) 和他之后的许多研究者都强调需要区分作为普遍人格特征的自信与针对特定任务、能力或挑战(即自我效能)的自信。阿尔伯特·班杜拉 (Albert Bandura) 将自我效能定义为“相信自己有能力在特定情况下取得成功或完成任务”[4],因此该术语更准确地指代特定的自信。心理学家早就注意到,一个人可以拥有自信,认为他或她可以完成特定的任务(自我效能)(例如做一顿美餐或写一本好小说),即使他们可能缺乏普遍的自信,或者相反尽管他们缺乏完成特定任务(例如写小说)的自我效能感,但仍要自信。然而,这两种自信是相互关联的,因此很容易混为一谈。[5]

参考资料

  1. ^ Snyder, C. R.; Lopez, Shane J. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press. 2009-01-01 [2021-12-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-518724-3. (原始内容存档于2022-01-26). 
  2. ^ Zellner, M. Self-esteem, reception, and influenceability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1970, 15 (1): 87–93. PMID 4393678. doi:10.1037/h0029201. 
  3. ^ Judge, Timothy A.; Erez, Amir; Bono, Joyce E.; Thoresen, Carl J. Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002-09-01, 83 (3): 693–710. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 12219863. S2CID 18551901. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.693 (英语). 
  4. ^ Luszczynska, A. and Schwarzer, R. Social cognitive theory. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting health behaviour (2nd ed. rev., pp. 127–169).. Buckingham, England: Open University Press. 2005. 
  5. ^ Bauer, Raymond. The obstinate audience: The influence process from the point of view of social communication. American Psychologist. 1964-05-01, 19 (5): 319–328. ISSN 1935-990X. doi:10.1037/h0042851 (英语). 
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信心
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