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乳糖酶

乳糖酶
识别
符号 LCT
替换符号 LAC; LPH; LPH1
Entrez 3938
HUGO 6530
OMIM 603202
RefSeq NM_002299
UniProt P09848
其他资料
EC编号 3.2.1.108
基因座 2 q21

乳糖酶(英语:lactase)是属于β-半乳糖苷酶家族的一种糖苷水解酶,它参与将属于双糖乳糖(lactose)水解为两个单糖──半乳糖(galactose)和葡萄糖(glucose)。在人体中,乳糖酶以二聚体形式大量存在于小肠的一类上皮细胞的刷状缘(Brush border)细胞膜中。乳糖酶对于人体消化牛奶中的乳糖是必不可少的;缺乏这种就会导致乳糖消化不良[1]

特征

不同来源的乳糖酶催化反应的最适温度和最适pH都有所差别,其中人体中的乳糖酶的最适pH为5.8。[2]

相关疾病

  • 乳糖不耐症:乳糖不耐症是因为成年的哺乳类体中缺乏乳糖酶基因,无法分解吸收的乳糖,在食用未经发酵的新鲜乳汁,因乳糖酶缺乏或活性低下导致乳糖不耐症,表现为饮奶后出现肠鸣、腹胀、腹痛、排气甚至腹泻等症状,因为肠胃道内细菌会大吃这些乳糖,让肚子涨气。反之,能够耐受乳糖,是因为身上有一种对偶基因,因此在成年后依然持续产生乳糖酶。这类突变的出现与散播,与个人的家族历史有关。乳糖不耐症在亚洲人中比较常见。哺乳类的幼儿需要特殊的酵素分解乳糖,之后才能加以利用。哺乳类的幼儿能够制造乳糖酶来解决这个问题。当幼儿长大断奶之后,乳糖酶便愈来愈少,最后身体不再制造这种酵素,因为没有需要了。成年动物吃的食物中没有乳糖。所以,哺乳类在小时候把乳汁中的乳糖当作能量来源,成年后却通常无法消化乳糖。

用途

乳糖酶所催化的反应。

乳糖酶可以从产乳糖酶酵母Kluyveromyces fragilisKluyveromyces lactis)以及一些真菌(如黑曲霉米曲霉)中提取。[3]

商业用途

乳糖酶最主要的商业用途是分解牛奶中的乳糖,以适合罹患乳糖不耐症的人群饮用。冰淇淋的生产中也要用到乳糖酶。这是因为葡萄糖和半乳糖的甜度比乳糖本身高,使用乳糖酶使得冰淇淋具有更好的口感;另一个原因是乳糖酶在冰淇淋的低温下会结晶,而其分解产物则可以保持液态,使得冰淇淋具有光滑的质地。乳糖酶还被用于将乳清转化为糖浆

实验室用途

分子生物学实验中,乳糖酶被用于对含有质粒大肠杆菌或其他细菌进行蓝白斑筛选,以获得带有正确质粒的克隆

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ (英文)Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Milk intolerance and microbe-containing dairy foods.. J Dairy Sci. 1987, 70 (2): 397–406. PMID 3553256. 
  2. ^ (英文)Skovbjerg H, Sjöström H, Norén O. Purification and characterisation of amphiphilic lactase/phlorizin hydrolase from human small intestine.. Eur J Biochem. 1981, 114 (3): 653–661. PMID 6786877. 
  3. ^ (英文)Seyis I, Aksoz N. Production of lactase by Trichoderma sp.. Food Technol Biotechnol 2004;42:121–124. 自由文本页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

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乳糖酶
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