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乙胺

乙胺[1]
Simplified skeletal formula
Full structural formula
IUPAC名
Ethanamine
别名 乙基胺、氨基乙烷
识别
CAS号 75-04-7  checkY
PubChem 6341
ChemSpider 6101
SMILES
 
  • CCN
Beilstein 505933
Gmelin 897
3DMet B00176
UN编号 1036
EINECS 200-834-7
ChEBI 15862
RTECS KH2100000
KEGG C00797
MeSH ethylamine
性质
化学式 C2H7N
摩尔质量 45.08 g·mol⁻¹
外观 无色液体
密度 0.689 g/cm3
熔点 -81 °C
沸点 16.6 °C
溶解性 混溶
蒸气压 121 kPa (20 °C)
危险性
警示术语 R:R12, R20, R22, R34, R36/37/38
安全术语 S:S16, S26, S29
主要危害 有害、腐蚀性、易燃
NFPA 704
4
3
0
ALK
闪点 -17 °C
自燃温度 385 °C
爆炸极限 3.5-14%V
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

乙胺是两个碳的类。无色气体,具类似的强烈气味,几乎与所有溶剂混溶,具胺特征性的弱碱性。在化工和有机合成有广泛应用。

合成

大规模制备方法有两种,一是用乙醇和氨在氧化物催化下反应合成:

CH3CH2OH + NH3 → CH3CH2NH2 + H2O

副产二乙胺三乙胺。工业上三种化合物的每年总产量约8000万千克。[2]

也可由乙醛还原胺化得到:

CH3CHO + NH3 + H2 → CH3CH2NH2 + H2O

其他乙胺制法大多不适于工业。如用乙烯或氨在氨基钠(或相关碱)作用下反应:[3]

H2C=CH2 + NH3 → CH3CH2NH2

乙腈、乙酰胺和硝基乙烷的氢化也可得乙胺。还原剂可为计量的氢化铝锂。此外卤代乙烷(如氯乙烷、溴乙烷)与氨在强碱(如氢氧化钾)存在下行亲核取代也可得乙胺,但会产生大量多乙基化的副产物。[4]

CH3CH2Cl + NH3 + KOH → CH3CH2NH2 + KCl + H2O

反应和应用

乙胺可发生烷基伯胺的典型反应如酰化和质子化。与磺酰氯反应得到的磺胺经氧化可得二乙基二亚胺(EtN=NEt)。[5] 乙胺还可被高锰酸钾氧化为乙醛。

乙胺如同其他低级伯胺是金属锂的良好溶剂,溶解后产生 [Li(RNH2)4]+ 和溶剂合电子,溶液蒸发后又得回金属锂。此类溶液用于Birch还原反应中还原萘[6] 和炔等不饱和有机物。

乙胺用于制取草脱净和西玛嗪等除草剂。也见于橡胶制品。

参考文献

  1. ^ Merck Index, 12th Edition, 3808.
  2. ^ Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke, “Amines, Aliphatic” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
  3. ^ Ulrich Steinbrenner, Frank Funke, Ralf Böhling, Method and device for producing ethylamine and butylamine Archive.is存档,存档日期2012-09-12, United States Patent 7161039.
  4. ^ Nucleophilic substitution, Chloroethane & Ammonia页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), St Peter's School
  5. ^ Ohme, R.; Preuschhof, H.; Heyne, H.-U. Azoethane页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 6, p.78 (1988)
  6. ^ Kaiser, E. M.; Benkeser R. A. Δ9,10-Octalin页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 6, p.852 (1988)
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乙胺
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