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三异丙胺

三异丙胺
IUPAC名
N,N-Di(propan-2-yl)propan-2-amine
识别
CAS号 3424-21-3  checkY
PubChem 61924
ChemSpider 55785
SMILES
 
  • CC(C)N(C(C)C)C(C)C
EINECS 222-317-5
性质
化学式 C9H21N
摩尔质量 143.27 g·mol−1
外观 无色液体
气味 氨味
密度 0.752 g/cm3
沸点 131.8 °C(405 K)
相关物质
相关胺
相关化学品
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

三异丙胺是一种有机化合物,由三个异丙基和中心的一个原子组成。[1][2]作为一种受阻的叔胺,三异丙胺可用作非亲核碱和聚合物的受阻胺类光稳定剂英语Hindered amine light stabilizers。然而,其应用受到其相对较高的成本和合成难度的限制。

结构

三异丙胺是目前已知空间位阻最大的胺之一。空间位阻更大的三叔丁胺 (tBu3N) 从未被合成,尽管量子化学从头计算以及更拥挤的2,2,4,4-四甲基-3-叔丁基-3-戊醇(三叔丁基甲醇,tBu3COH) 意味着如果它可以被制备,它应该是一个稳定的分子。至今,双叔丁基异丙胺 (tBu2iPrN) 已经以低产率制备,其中少数的三叔丁胺中的两个叔丁基连接在一个环中,但2018年的一项研究预测,合成tBu3N 可能仍然是一个长期未解决的挑战。[3]

在1990年代初期,对分子在气相或非极性溶剂中的3D结构的理论研究和电子衍射分析表明,氮原子与三个之间的键在基态时几乎共面,而不是像更简单的胺那样形成三角锥形分子构型[4][5]平均C-N-C 键角为 119.2°,[2]接近于平面三角形的 120°(作为比较,三甲胺的键角为 111.8°)。这种特性归因于庞大的异丙基的空间位阻。然而,1998年的X射线衍射对结晶固体的分析表明,C3N 核心实际上是金字塔形的,氮原子距碳平面约 0.28 Å(而在三甲胺中,距离约为 0.45 Å)。然而,研究人员不能排除晶体场效应产生不对称性。[6]

异丙基的 C-C-C 平面相对于中心的 C3N 核略微倾斜(约 5°)[4][6][7]

制备

位阻效应使得三异丙胺难以制备,而且不像位阻较少的叔胺(如三乙胺),它不能由氨直接被醇烷基化而成,因为反应会在二异丙胺停止。它可以从二异丙胺开始以实验室量级制备:[2]

工业生产三异丙胺涉及环氧丙烷的反应,然后氢化而成。[8]

参见

  • 四叔丁基乙烯

参考资料

  1. ^ G. Graner, E. Hirota, T. Iijima, K. Kuchitsu, D. A. Ramsay, J. Vogt and N. Vogt (2003), C9H21N, Triisopropylamine. In Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms, volume 25D of the series Landolt-Börnstein - Group II Molecules and Radicals. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-42860-2; DOI 10.1007/10735542_789.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hans Bock; Ilka Goebel; Zdenek Havlas; Siegfried Liedle; Heinz Oberhammer. Triisopropylamine: A Sterically Overcrowded Molecule with a Flattened NC3 Pyramid and a "p-Type" Nitrogen Electron Pair. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1991, 30 (2): 187–190. doi:10.1002/anie.199101871. 
  3. ^ Banert, Klaus; Heck, Manuel; Ihle, Andreas; Kronawitt, Julia; Pester, Tom; Shoker, Tharallah. Steric Hindrance Underestimated: It is a Long, Long Way to Tri- tert -alkylamines. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2018-05-04, 83 (9): 5138–5148. ISSN 0022-3263. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.8b00496 (英语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Arthur M. Halpern; B. R. Ramachandran. Photophysics of a sterically crowded tertiary-saturated amine: triisopropylamine. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96 (24): 9832–9839. doi:10.1021/j100203a047. 
  5. ^ Christoph Kölmel, Christian Ochsenfeld; Reinhart Ahlrichs. An ab initio investigation of structure and inversion barrier of triisopropylamine and related amines and phosphines. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts: Theory, Computation, and Modeling (Theoretica Chimica Acta). 1992, 82 (3–4). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Boese, R.; Bläser, D.; Antipin, M. Y.; Chaplinski, V.; de Meijere, A. Non-planar structures of Et3N and Pri3N: a contradiction between the X-ray, and NMR and electron diffraction data for Pri3N. Chem. Commun. 1998, (7): 781–782. doi:10.1039/a708399h. 
  7. ^ Yang M, Albrecht-Schmitt T, Cammarata V, Livant P, Makhanu DS, Sykora R, Zhu W. Trialkylamines more planar at nitrogen than triisopropylamine in the solid state. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74 (7): 2671–8. PMID 19323571. doi:10.1021/jo802086h. 
  8. ^ Sk A3 932005,“Wasteless process for preparing triisopropanolamine”,发行于Dec 5, 2008,指定于Novacke Chemicke Zavody 
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三异丙胺
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