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商之所在
商之所在
國體: 君主制
元首
國都 亳、商丘、、朝歌等處
國語 上古漢語
用語 上古漢語
立國 鳴條之戰
亡國 牧野之戰
前後歷幾六百年

之後也,繼夏后氏而有天下。今存信史者,自商始。自盤庚都殷邑罔有複遷,故商亦作

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肇立

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《史記》曰:「契封於商」,乃以封地為國號。

國興

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史稱契為舜司徒,治水有功,賜子姓乃以商地享,孫子以地名為號,氏歷十有四世乃興。冥子王亥、王恆二君初加王號。俟商有天下,來裔卜者以二君為最,知其崇。王亥時,商氏暨有易氏爭,綿臣殺王亥。上甲乃比河伯氏,殺綿臣以報王亥。

代夏

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有夏后桀「不務德而武傷百姓」,天下離之,夏后不覺而弗改厥暴於夏。商君自庖廚得賢臣伊尹,作德政惠民,商民大治、天下大服,乃生代夏意。惟懾夏后兵甲之威,弗敢用作。伊尹乃計試夏后。一年不入貢,夏后發九夷之師伐商,所以知夏后之勢猶存,弗可代,乃複貢以珠玉,夏后貪之,果息兵。翌年又不入貢,夏后復發九夷之師,而九夷惡其暴不發,所以知夏后既喪其勢,可以代之。湯作誓以發兵卒三千、車七十翦夏,稱湯誓。夏后距之鳴條不功,放南巢崩。湯三讓天子位於有德者乃踐祚,都亳,遷九鼎於茲。夏亡而商立,稱革命,惟天廢夏后氏之命而命商。

有天下

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湯既踐天子位,以夏正十有二月為正月,史稱殷正,色尚白。封有夏之後於杞,以奉祀禹。二年,有大旱,民不能堪。湯以躬有過欲燎以代百姓之苦,天為動,降雨,旱除。七年,有亂政,作刑曰湯刑,今不可考。十三年,陟。元子丁早薨,踐位者各家莫衷一是,有稱元孫甲者,亦有稱次子丙、三子壬相繼,後元孫甲方踐位者。

甲立,靡於湯典失德,伊尹乃放之於桐,攝厥政,作伊訓、肆命、徂后以誥甲。三年,甲修德,伊尹逆甲歸政,商乃中興。

世系

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其先出帝嚳之後。帝嚳生契,封於商,賜姓子氏。契卒,子昭明立。昭明卒,子相土立。相土卒,子昌若立。昌若卒,子曹圉立。曹圉卒,子冥立。冥卒,子振立。振卒,子微立。微卒,子報丁立。報丁卒,子報乙立。報乙卒,子報丙立。報丙卒,子主壬立。主壬卒,子主癸立。主癸卒,子天乙立,是為成湯。凡八遷,成湯始居於亳,從先王居,作帝誥。夏桀暴虐,湯盟諸侯而伐之,放桀於南巢,遂有天下。至盤庚,始遷殷。

湯傳三十餘世至帝辛,好酒淫樂,嬖於婦人,諸侯皆叛。周武王伐之,戰於牧野,走歸鹿臺,蒙衣其珠玉,自燔於火而死。商遂亡。

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聲音動靜,具錄於維基共享︰商
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