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ER=EPR

兩個時空不同的黑洞通過蟲洞連接在一起。
兩個粒子通過量子糾纏進行非局域性地傳遞信息。

物理學裡,ER=EPR猜想表明,兩個量子糾纏的粒子彼此之間的連結是一個蟲洞(愛因斯坦-羅森橋)。 「ER」是英文「Einstein–Rosen」(愛因斯坦-羅森)的簡寫,指的是愛因斯坦-羅森橋,其主要論題為連接兩個黑洞的隧道的存在的可能性。「EPR」是「Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen」(愛因斯坦-波多爾斯基-羅森)的簡寫,指的是愛因斯坦-波多爾斯基-羅森弔詭,其主要論題為兩個微觀粒子彼此之間的量子糾纏關係。[1]ER=EPR猜想試圖揭露時空幾何量子場論量子信息理論這幾個學術領域彼此之間的關係。[2]:171

概述

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2013年,史丹福大學教授李奧納特·色斯金普林斯頓高等研究院教授胡安·馬爾達西那共同提出了ER=EPR猜想。 他們提議,連結一對黑洞的無法鑽探的蟲洞,即愛因斯坦-羅森橋,等價於這對黑洞的最大糾纏。[3]如果這猜想正確,則蟲洞與量子糾纏不是兩個毫不相干的論題,而是同樣拓樸理念的兩種表現。這連結概念或許是量子時空的基礎。[2]:171

「ER=EPR」符號公式在等號左邊的兩個字母「ER」是英文「Einstein–Rosen」(愛因斯坦-羅森)的簡寫, 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦納森·羅森共同發表論文描述愛因斯坦-羅森橋,其主要論題為連接兩個黑洞的隧道的存在的可能性,這隧道被稱為「愛因斯坦-羅森橋」。[4]符號公式在等號右邊的三個字母「EPR」是「Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen」(愛因斯坦-波多爾斯基-羅森)的簡寫,愛因斯坦、鮑裡斯·波多爾斯基與羅森共同發表論文描述愛因斯坦-波多爾斯基-羅森弔詭,其主要論題為兩個微觀粒子彼此之間的量子糾纏關係。[5]這兩篇論文都是在1935年發表於期刊《物理評論》,但作者們並沒有強調兩個論題在內涵方面有任何關連。[6] [7]

量子力學與廣義相對論都是超級成功的理論,它們分別預測了一些異常奇特的現象,並且學者做實驗獲得的結果通常與它們的預測相符合。然而,學者無法解釋為什麼他們不能合併成單獨一個理論。大多數學者認為,使用某種方法,它們最終會被合併在一起,但是,至今為止,這最終結果仍舊被大自然持守為一個秘密。[7]

ER=EPR建議,它們彼此之間的關連可以從蟲洞這時空隧道找到。色斯金在一篇論文裡表示,ER=EPR告訴我們,組成宇宙的極為複雜網路的糾纏次系統,也是極為複雜網路的愛因斯坦-羅森橋,如果ER=EPR屬實,則這事實將是件大事,將會影響量子學的基礎與詮釋。[7]

參考來源

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  1. ^ Cowen, Ron. The quantum source of space-time. Nature. 16 November 2015, 527 (7578) [2019-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-04). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 von Müller, Albrecht; Zafiris, Elias, Concept and Formalization of Constellatory Self-Unfolding: A Novel Perspective on the Relation between Quantum and Relativistic Physics, Springer, 2018, ISBN 9783319897769 
  3. ^ Maldacena, Juan; Susskind, Leonard. Cool horizons for entangled black holes. Fortsch. Phys. 2013, 61 (9): 781–811. Bibcode:2013ForPh..61..781M. arXiv:1306.0533可免费查阅. doi:10.1002/prop.201300020. Lorentzian wormholes are not traversable1 
  4. ^ Einstein, A.; Rosen, N. The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity. Physical Review. 1 July 1935, 48 (1): 73–77. Bibcode:1935PhRv...48...73E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.48.73. 
  5. ^ Einstein, A.; Podolsky, B.; Rosen, N. Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?. Physical Review (Submitted manuscript). 15 May 1935, 47 (10): 777–780 [2019-08-04]. Bibcode:1935PhRv...47..777E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777. (原始内容存档于2019-10-08). 
  6. ^ Cole, K. C. Wormholes Untangle a Black Hole Paradox. Quantamagazine. 2015. (原始内容存档于2019-06-17). At the time that Einstein put forth these ideas — and for most of the eight decades since — they were thought to be entirely unrelated 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Siegfried, Tom. A new ‘Einstein’ equation suggests wormholes hold key to quantum gravity. Science News. 2016-08-17 [2019-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-01). For the last 90 years or so, physicists have pursued two main quantum issues separately 

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ER=EPR
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